Simultaneous Detection of Seven Staphylococcal Enterotoxins: Development of Hydrogel Biochips for Analytical and Practical Application

Abstract

A method of simultaneous analysis of staphylococcal enterotoxins using hydrogel-based microarrays (biochips) has been developed. The method allows simultaneous quantitative detection of seven enterotoxins: A, B, C1, D, E, G, and I in a single sample. The development of the method included expression and purification of recombinant toxins, production of panels of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the toxins, and design and manufacturing of an experimental biochip for the screening of mAbs and selection of optimal pairs of primary and secondary antibodies for each toxin. The selected mAbs have high affinity toward their targets and no cross-reactivity with unrelated enterotoxins. Finally, a diagnostic biochip was designed for quantitative analysis of the toxins, and the analytical protocols were optimized. The sensitivity of the detection reached 0.1-0.5 ng/mL, depending on the type of enterotoxin. The evaluation of the resulting biochip using spiked food samples demonstrated that the sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility of the proposed test system fully satisfy the requirements for traditional immunoanalytical systems. The diagnostic biochips manufactured on reflecting metal-coated surfaces shortened the time of analysis from 17 to 2 h without loss of sensitivity. The method was successfully tested on samples of food and biological media.

Development of a microarray-based method for allergen-specific IgE and IgG4 detection

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Biotoxin sensing in food and environment via microchip

“…Rubina et al. developed a more sensitive microchip for simultaneous sensing seven staphylococcal enterotoxins in food and biological media by hydrogel‐based microarrays (LOD of 0.1–0.5 ng/mL). Its sensitivity was further improved via nanotechnology, using electrical percolation‐based biosensor .…”