Simultaneous derivatization and air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction of some parabens in personal care products and their determination by GC with flame ionization detection

Abstract

A simultaneous derivatization/air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction technique has been developed for the sample pretreatment of some parabens in aqueous samples. The analytes were derivatized and extracted simultaneously by a fast reaction/extraction with butylchloroformate (derivatization agent/extraction solvent) from the aqueous samples and then analyzed by GC with flame ionization detection. The effect of catalyst type and volume, derivatization agent/extraction solvent volume, ionic strength of aqueous solution, pH, numbers of extraction, aqueous sample volume, etc. on the method efficiency was investigated. Calibration graphs were linear in the range of 2-5000 μg/L with squared correlation coefficients >0.990. Enhancement factors and enrichment factors ranged from 1535 to 1941 and 268 to 343, respectively. Detection limits were obtained in the range of 0.41-0.62 μg/L. The RSDs for the extraction and determination of 250 μg/L of each paraben were <4.9% (n = 6). In this method, the derivatization agent and extraction solvent were the same and there is no need for a dispersive solvent, which is common in a traditional dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction technique. Furthermore, the sample preparation time is very short.

Organic solvent-free air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction for optimized extraction of illegal azo-based dyes and their main metabolite from spices, cosmetics and human bio-fluid samples in one step

“…By this action, fine organic droplets are formed, and the extraction solvent is entirely dispersed in the sample solution. After centrifugation of the cloudy solution formed, the extractant is settled down at the bottom of the centrifuge tube or gathered on the surface of sample and used for further analysis [4][5][6][7][8].…”

Quantitative Analysis of Methyl and Propyl Parabens in Neonatal DBS Using LC–MS/MS

“…These approaches include SPE [12][13]19,22,24], LLE [8,14,16,18,[20][21]23], dispersive LLE [17], solvent extraction [5-6,10, 15,26], stir-bar sorptive extraction [25], super critical extraction [11] and simple protein precipitation [20].…”

“…The biological matrices used included urine [5,12,14,16,[18][19]22], serum [14,17], seminal plasma [14], breast tissue [10], placental tissue [15], saliva [6], breast milk [13,21] and rat plasma [20]. Parabens have also been determined in water [24,25], personal care products [6,8,11,23,26] and pharmaceutical preparations [7,9].…”

“…Parabens have been quantified in a range of matrices using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with the following detectors; UV [5][6][7][8], photodiode array [9] and MS/MS [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. GC has also been used with free induction decay [23], TOF [24] and MS [25] as has thin layer chromatography [10]. The biological matrices used included urine [5,12,14,16,[18][19]22], serum [14,17], seminal plasma [14], breast tissue [10], placental tissue [15], saliva [6], breast milk [13,21] and rat plasma [20].…”

Application of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the preconcentration of eight parabens in real samples and their determination by high-performance liquid chromatography

“…Different analytical methods including HPLC-DAD [15], HPLC-FD [16], HPLC-MS/MS [10,[17][18][19], UHPLC-MS/MS [7,9,20,21], GC-FID [22,23], and GC-MS [11] have been employed to analyze the PBs in various matrices. Among these techniques, HPLC-UV is simple, economical, and available in most laboratories [24,25].…”