SUMMARY
Neogenin has been identified as a receptor for neuronal axon guidance cues netrins and RGMs (repulsive guidance molecules). Here we provide evidence for neogenin in regulating endochondral bone development and BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) signaling. Neogenin deficient mice were impaired in digit/limb development and endochondral ossification. BMP2 induction of Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation and Runx2 expression, but not non-canonical p38 MAPK activation, was reduced in chondrocytes from neogenin mutant mice. BMP receptor association with membrane micro-domains, which is necessary for BMP signaling to Smad, but not p38 MAPK, was diminished in neogenin deficient chondrocytes. Furthermore, RGMs appear to mediate neogenin interaction with BMP receptors in chondrocytes. Taken together, our results indicate that neogenin promotes chondrogenesis in vitro and in vivo, revealing an unexpected mechanism underlying neogenin regulation of BMP signaling.
New classes of nanoporous organic polymers based on 1,3,5-triazine units (NOP-1-6) were synthesized via a straightforward, methane-sulfonic acid-catalysed, cost-effective Friedel-Crafts reaction of 2,4,6trichloro-1,3,5-triazine and tetrahedral building blocks. Among them, NOP-3 with a Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) specific surface area up to 894 m 2 g À1 and the total volume exceeding 0.41 m 3 g À1 exhibits good hydrogen adsorption capacity (up to 1.14 wt% at 77 K/1.0 bar) and high carbon dioxide uptake (up to 11.03 wt% at 273 K/1.0 bar). Furthermore, it presents an effective selectivity for CO 2 adsorption (NOP-6, CO 2 /N 2 selectivity 38.7 at 273 K/1.0 bar), demonstrating potential applications in gas adsorption and separation.
Rich heteroatom-doped conjugated nanoporous polymers with uniform microspherical morphology exhibit remarkably high capacity up to 450 wt% for removing iodine from the vapor phase (at 348 K and atmospheric pressure).
Reduced bone mineral density and hip fracture are frequently observed in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, mechanisms underlying their association remain poorly understood. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a transmembrane protein that is ubiquitously expressed in bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), osteoblasts (OBs), macrophages (BMMs), and osteoclasts (OCs). Mutations in the APP gene identified in early-onset AD patients are believed to cause AD. But little is known about APP's role in bone remodeling. Here, we present evidence for Swedish mutant APP (APPswe) in suppression of OB differentiation and function in culture and in mouse. APP expression in BMSCs increases during aging. Ubiquitous expression of APPswe in young adult Tg2576 transgenic mice (under the control of a prion promoter) recaptured skeletal "aging-like" deficits, including decreased OB genesis and bone formation, increased adipogenesis and bone marrow fat, and enhanced OC genesis and bone resorption. Remarkably, selective expression of APPswe in mature OB-lineage cells in TgAPPswe-Ocn mice (under the control of osteocalcin [Ocn] promoter-driven Cre) also decreased OB genesis and increased OC formation, resulting in a trabecular bone loss. These results thus suggest a cell-autonomous role for APPswe in suppressing OB formation and function, but a nonautonomous effect on OC genesis. Notably, increased adipogenesis and elevated bone marrow fat were detected in young adult Tg2576 mice, but not in TgAPPswe-Ocn mice, implying that APPswe in BMSCs and/or multicell types in bone marrow promotes bone marrow adipogenesis. Intriguingly, the skeletal aging-like deficits in young adult Tg2576 mice were prevented by treatment with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), an antioxidant, suggesting that reactive oxygen species (ROS) may underlie APPswe-induced osteoporotic deficits. Taken together, these results demonstrate a role for APPswe in suppressing OB differentiation and bone formation, implicate APPswe as a detrimental factor for AD-associated osteoporotic deficit, and reveal a potential clinical value of NAC in the treatment of osteoporotic deficits.
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