Simultaneous 2D Strain Sensing Using Polymer Planar  Bragg Gratings

Rosenberger, M.; Eisenbeil, Waltraud; Schmauß, Bernhard; Hellmann, Ralf

doi:10.3390/s150204264

Cited by 30 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(22 reference statements)

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“…Compared with previous attempts to use polymer planar waveguide grating structures assembled from two same elements 16 or from two same detectors 17 , our results demonstrate much smaller error compared to the assembling errors. It is also simpler both in terms of system design but also in tterms of fabrication processing, allowing for a detailed study of the performance of the integrated component and the demonstration of vectorial strain application.…”

contrasting

confidence: 51%

Vectorial strain gauge method using single flexible orthogonal polydimethylsiloxane gratings

Guo

Tang

Qian

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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A vectorial strain gauge method using a single sensing element is reported based on the double-sided polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Fraunhofer diffraction gratings structures. Using O2 plasma treatment steps, orthogonal wrinkled gratings were fabricated on both sides of a pre-strained PDMS film. Diffracted laser spots from this structure have been used to experimentally demonstrate, that any applied strain can be quantitatively characterized in both the x and y directions with an error of less than 0.6% and with a gauge factor of approximately 10. This simple and low cost technology which is completely different from the traditional vectorial strain gauge method, can be applied to surface vectorial strain measurement and multi-axis integrated mechanical sensors.

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confidence: 51%

Vectorial strain gauge method using single flexible orthogonal polydimethylsiloxane gratings

Guo

Tang

Qian

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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“…In general, polymer planar Bragg gratings (PPBG) provide the same advantages as POF-BGs, while they are additionally easy to handle and enable the utilization of mass-produced injection-molded substrates. Moreover, they offer straightforward multidimensional strain sensing by monitoring multiple photonic structures on one single substrate [ 8 , 9 ]. To date, a variety of polymer-optic materials, such as poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) [ 10 , 11 , 12 ], hybrid organic-inorganic polymers [ 13 , 14 , 15 ], epoxy-based photoresists [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ] and cyclic olefin copolymers (COC), Reference [ 20 ] can be employed to fabricate PPBGs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure-Based Fiber-To-Chip Coupling of Polymer Planar Bragg Gratings for Harsh Environment Applications

Kefer

Sauer

Hessler

et al. 2020

Sensors

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This article proposes and demonstrates a robust microstructure-based fiber-to-chip coupling scheme for planar Bragg grating devices. A polymer planar Bragg grating substrate is manufactured and microstructured by means of a micromilling process, while the respective photonic structures are generated by employing a sophisticated single-writing UV-exposure method. A stripped standard single mode fiber is inserted into the microstructure, which is filled with a UV-curable adhesive, and aligned with the integrated waveguide. After curing, final sensor assembly and thermal treatment, the proposed coupling scheme is capable of withstanding pressures up to 10 bar, at room temperature, and pressures up to 7.5 bar at an elevated temperature of 120 °C. Additionally, the coupling scheme is exceedingly robust towards tensile forces, limited only by the tensile strength of the employed single mode fiber. Due to its outstanding robustness, the coupling scheme enables the application of planar Bragg grating devices in harsh environments. This fact is underlined by integrating a microstructure-coupled photonic device into the center of a commercial-grade carbon fiber-reinforced polymer specimen. After its integration, the polymer-based Bragg grating sensor still exhibits a reflection peak with a dynamic range of 24 dB, and can thus be employed for sensing purposes.

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“…Furthermore, their inherent one-dimensionality needs to be overcome by employing complex sensor structures, such as multicore FBGs, in order to enable absolute quantification of multidimensional deflections [12,13]. Polymer planar Bragg gratings (PPBG), on the other hand, offer up to three-dimensional detection of deformations, simply by evaluating multiple photonic structures on a single substrate [14,15]. Additionally, most polymer substrates offer inherent photosensitivity, whereas silica fibers need to be hydrogen loaded or germanium doped in order to enable constant refractive index modifica-tions [16,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Robust Polymer Planar Bragg Grating Sensors Embedded in Commercial-Grade Composites

et al. 2020

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This contribution demonstrates the functionality of polymer planar Bragg grating (PPBG) sensors integrated into commercial-grade carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) components. Multiple CFRP specimens are generated by curing a stack of pre-impregnated fibers inside of a heated mechanical press, exposing the polymer sensor to a pressure of 7 bar and a temperature of 120 °C for 2 h. After integration, the sensor still exhibits a strong and evaluable signal. Subsequent flexural experiments reveal a linear response of the integrated sensor’s Bragg wavelength to the CFRP specimen’s maximum deflection. Additional findings demonstrate that the embedded PPBG can be used to detect plastic deformations of a CFRP workpiece, whereas a linear correlation of plastic deformation to the resulting Bragg signal offset is determined. A plausibility check of the obtained results is delivered by a comparison of three-point flexural experiments on bulk CFRP workpieces, without integrated sensors and additional specimens featuring external optical sensors affixed to their surface. It is found that PPBGs based on cyclic olefin copolymers are able to overcome the temperature-related limitations of traditional polymer-based optical sensors and can thus be directly integrated into commercial-grade composites during production.

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Simultaneous 2D Strain Sensing Using Polymer Planar Bragg Gratings

Cited by 30 publications

References 26 publications

Vectorial strain gauge method using single flexible orthogonal polydimethylsiloxane gratings

Vectorial strain gauge method using single flexible orthogonal polydimethylsiloxane gratings

Microstructure-Based Fiber-To-Chip Coupling of Polymer Planar Bragg Gratings for Harsh Environment Applications

Robust Polymer Planar Bragg Grating Sensors Embedded in Commercial-Grade Composites

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