“…The process is also not economical for deep desulfurization (to few tens of ppm level), as a severe process condition (i.e. high hydrogen pressure and temperature) is required for catalytic decomposition of refractory organosulfur compounds [6]. Thus, even after performing the conventional HDS process on a fuel, the refractory sulfur compounds such as thiophene (T), benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, and their alkylated derivatives remain unconverted [1,10,11].…”