Simplicia and Extracts Standardization from Jualing Leaves (Micromelum minutum Wight & Arn.) from South Kalimantan

Abstract

Jualing (Micromelum minutum Wight & Arn.) is a plant from South Kalimantan that has the potential to be developed as natural medicine. This study aims to establish standardization which includes specific and non-specific parameters of M. minutum leaf simplicia and extracts from three growing locations, namely Banua Botanical Garden, Sultan Adam Forest Park, and Forest Areas with Specific Objects of Rantau, South Kalimantan. The method of setting standardization parameters refers to the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia and General Standard Extracts Parameters. Organoleptic standardization of simplicia is brownish-green, has a distinctive odor, has a bitter and slightly spicy taste. Microscopic observations showed the presence of stomata, cell walls, cytoplasm, calcium oxalate crystals, upper epidermis, palisade tissue, spongy tissue, cortex, xylem, phloem, lower epidermis, and trichomes. Water content test showed the results of 21.9-22.07%; ethanol extract content of 12.87-13.17%; drying losses 4.64-4.84%; total ash content of 6.04-6.14%; acid insoluble ash content 1.13-1.19%; Pb levels of 0.022-0.025 mg/kg; Cd levels of 0.017-0.020 mg/kg; and Hg levels <0.0004 mg/kg. Extract standardization shows thick green-black, thick-smelling extract and bitter taste. Micromelum minutum leaves contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, tannins, anthraquinones, phenols, and glycosides. Thin Layer Chromatography profiles show the similarity of chemical compounds in each growth location. Other parameters are extract yield of 8.08-8.32%; moisture content of 6.07-6.27%; total ash content of 4.22-4.27%; and acid insoluble ash content 1.11-1.12%. All standardization parameters meet the requirements in the Media Materia Indonesia and the Republic of Indonesia Drug and Food Control Center.

Standarisasi Ekstrak Rimpang Wundu Watu (Alpinia monopleura) dan Aktivitasnya sebagai Antiinflamasi Secara In Vitro

“…Semakin tinggi kadar abu total maka semakin tinggi pula kandungan mineral yang terdapat pada suatu ekstrak/simplisia. Manusia membutuhkan mineral seperti kalsium, fosfor, dan magnesium untuk pembentukan tulang, natrium, dan klorida untuk cairan tubuh, serta zat besi untuk membentuk hemoglobin dan sel darah merah (Sutomo et al, 2019). Mineral juga dapat berbahaya jika terakumulasi dalam tubuh manusia dalam jangka waktu yang lama, yang dapat mengganggu sistem peredaran darah, saraf, dan ginjal seperti merkuri, timbal, tembaga, kadmium, dan strontium (Arnida et al, 2021).…”

Pharmacognostic Study and Antioxidant Activity of Sungkai (Peronema Canescens Jack.) Methanol Extract From Indonesia

“…An organoleptic test was carried out with the help of five panelists who were asked to describe simplicia characteristics, including color, smell, and taste. This test aims to determine the physical characteristics of simplicia and visual quality inspection 30 . The results of an organoleptic examination of P. canescens leaves are presented in Table 3.…”

Standardization of Simplicia and Ethanol Extract of Purun Danau (Lepironia articulata (Retz.) Domin) Rhizome

“…The ash was then filtered using ash-free filter paper and then washed with hot water to collect acid-insoluble ash, then ignited with a porcelain crucible in a furnace to obtain ash with a constant weight. The content was calculated from the initial weight of the powder, expressed in %w/w 23 .…”

“…The acid-insoluble ash content reflects the contamination of minerals or metals that are not acid soluble in the simplicia. The high content of acid-insoluble ash in simplicia indicates the presence of impurities such as soil or sand, metallic elements silver, lead, and mercury 15, 23 .…”