“…The materials deposited on the BPE surface show various gradients in composition, − thickness, particles size, morphology, microstructure, , and wettability. , Some metals, alloys, transition metal compounds, and conducting polymers have been reported to be prepared by bipolar electrochemistry, such as Cu crystallites, Au nanovoids, Ag–Au, Cu–Zn, Ni–Zn and Cu–Ni–Zn, Cu–Ni, , Ni–Cu–Fe, CdS, MoS x , MoWS x , Mo 2 B 5 and W 2 B 5 , poly(3-methylthiophene), polypyrrole, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) . The as-prepared materials may be used as SERS substrates, , semiconductor heterostructures, electrocatalysts, − material screening, and gradient wetting surfaces. ,, …”