Shoulder Rotator Cuff Balance, Strength, and Endurance in Young Swimmers During a Competitive Season

Batalha, Nuno; Raimundo, Armando; Tomás-Carús, Pablo; Barbosa, Tiago M.; Silva, António

doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31827fd849

Cited by 46 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…21 Also, muscular imbalances increase during competitive seasons in swimmers. 22 By strengthening the external rotators in prehabilitation, one could potentially reduce the risk for shoulder injuries. 23 Finally, the HHD has also been used to measure isometric strength for external and internal rotation during preseason screening in adolescent national badminton players.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Historically, the isokinetic device has been the criterion standard for these measurements. 6,22 However, with the HHD, these measurements can be obtained more easily and at a lower cost. Future studies in the overhead athlete population should be undertaken to establish normative data and also to determine whether the imbalances occur with pain or injury in the rotator cuff.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measuring Eccentric Strength of the Shoulder External Rotators Using a Handheld Dynamometer: Reliability and Validity

Johansson

Skillgate

Lapauw

et al. 2015

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Shoulder strength assessment plays an important role in the clinical examination of the shoulder region. Eccentric strength measurements are of special importance in guiding the clinician in injury prevention or return-to-play decisions after injury.Objective: To examine the absolute and relative reliability and validity of a standardized eccentric strength-measurement protocol for the glenohumeral external rotators.Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Setting: Testing environment at the Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy of Ghent University, Belgium.Patients or Other Participants: Twenty-five healthy participants (9 men and 16 women) without any history of shoulder pain were tested by 2 independent assessors using a handheld dynamometer (HHD) and underwent an isokinetic testing procedure.Intervention(s): The clinical protocol used an HHD, a DynaPort accelerometer to measure acceleration and angular velocity of testing 308/s over 908 of range of motion, and a Biodex dynamometer to measure isokinetic activity.Main Outcome Measure(s): Three eccentric strength measurements: (1) tester 1 with the HHD, (2) tester 2 with the HHD, and (3) Biodex isokinetic strength measurement.Results: The intratester reliability was excellent (0.879 and 0.858), whereas the intertester reliability was good, with an intraclass correlation coefficient between testers of 0.714. Pearson product moment correlation coefficients of 0.78 and 0.70 were noted between the HHD and the isokinetic data, showing good validity of this new procedure.Conclusions: Standardized eccentric rotator cuff strength can be tested and measured in the clinical setting with good-toexcellent reliability and validity using an HHD.Key Words: eccentric testing, upper extremity, injury prevention, rehabilitation Key PointsUsing a handheld dynamometer, standardized eccentric rotator cuff strength can be measured in the clinical setting with good to excellent reliability and validity. The eccentric rotator cuff strength test provides important information that is useful for injury prevention, rehabilitation, and performance enhancement.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring Eccentric Strength of the Shoulder External Rotators Using a Handheld Dynamometer: Reliability and Validity

Johansson

Skillgate

Lapauw

et al. 2015

Journal of Athletic Training

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“…Hibberd et al, 2012;Swanik, Swanik, Lephart, & Huxel, 2002;Virag, Hibberd, Oyama, Padua, & Myers, 2014) Those unique characteristics of each athlete can be a combination of muscular strength imbalance, impaired muscular flexibility, joint laxity, altered scapular kinematics and poor posture. (Batalha, Raimundo, Tomas-Carus, Barbosa, & Silva, 2013;Kluemper et al, 2006;Lynch et al, 2010;Straub & Mattacola, 2004) In the sport of swimming, the body is actually pulled over the arms of the swimmer, with the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi and triceps brachii as the primary movers. Due to the dominance of the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, swimmers tend to have increased adduction and internal rotation strength.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Blanch, 2004) Literature also links an imbalance between the internal and external shoulder rotators and shoulder pain in swimmers. (Batalha et al, 2013;Straub & Mattacola, 2004)Weak scapular stabilizing muscles might cause a loss of proximal stability that would increase demands on the rotator cuff and perhaps contribute to faulty stroke mechanics, and ultimately, shoulder pain. (Russ, 1998;Tate et al, 2012)Numerous studies have reported that the internal rotator musculature is stronger in swimmers because of the repetitive concentric contractions required during the propulsive phase of the swim stroke.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of a 6-Week Dry Land Exercise Program for High School Swimmers

Sawdon-Bea

Benson²

2015

JPESM

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Background: In swimmers, the great number of stroke repetitions and force generated through the upper extremity, leaves the shoulder uniquely vulnerable to injury. Numerous high school swimmers experience shoulder pain, muscle shortening, and/or weakness leading to poor swim mechanics. Purpose: The purposes of this study were to examine the effects of a six week dry land intervention program on the 1) flexibility of the shoulder girdle, 2) muscular strength of the shoulder girdle and core, and 3) swim performance in high school aged competitive swimmers. Methods: 32 high-school swimmers were divided into control (N = 16) and intervention (N = 16) groups. Measurements for shoulder strength, core strength and swim times were measured. The intervention group completed a dry-land home exercise program three times a week for six weeks. Results: A MANOVA comparing flexibility, strength and swim times for pre-and post-test measurements by control and intervention group, revealed a significant group by time interaction. Post-hoc tests revealed a significant improvement in core strength in the intervention group (F = 15.847, p = .000). Conclusion: A 6-week dry land exercise program was effective in improving core strength, however, shoulder flexibility, strength and swim performance remained unchanged in this group.

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“…As a result of increased levels of IR strength and endurance that are proportionally larger than those of their antagonists. A compensatory strength training program should be considered [5,6]. Typical strength ratios for the ER and IR of the shoulder have accounted for to be 2:3 roughly 66% in ordinary.…”

Section: Samah Attia El Shemy Kadrya Hosny Battecha Effect Of Isokimentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Isokinetic Versus Plyometric Training on Shoulder Proprioception and External to Internal Rotators Strength Ratio in Swimmer Children

Shemy¹,

Battecha²

2017

IJPR

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Background: Many exercise protocols intended to enhance kinesthetic awareness and muscular performance, however more investigations need to be directed to the restoration of muscular imbalances.Objective: To compare the impacts of isokinetic training and plyometric training of the rotator cuff muscles on shoulder proprioception and isokinetic strength ratios.Materials and Methods: Seventy five swimmer boys randomly assigned to three equal-sized groups: control group (A) had no strength training, study group (B) received isokinetic training and study group (C) received plyometric training for the rotator cuff muscles. Pre-post testing measurements included: kinesthetic measurements at 45° of internal rotation, 45° external rotation and 75° external rotation; and concentric external/ internal rotation strength ratios at angular velocities of 60°/s and 180°/s using a Biodex System 3 isokinetic dynamometer. The test procedure performed before and after the training period of eight weeks.Results: Both training groups showed pre-posttest significant differences in all measured variables with nonsignificant changes in the control group. When comparing the post-treatment results in both training groups, the isokinetic group showed the most significant improvement in the strength ratio. However, no significant differences in kinesthetic awareness found between both training groups. Conclusion:Isokinetic strengthening is the most effective strategy of adjusting strength ratios of the rotator cuff muscles. Moreover, both isokinetic and plyometric training enhanced kinesthetic awareness, neither technique was superior.

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Shoulder Rotator Cuff Balance, Strength, and Endurance in Young Swimmers During a Competitive Season

Cited by 46 publications

References 18 publications

Measuring Eccentric Strength of the Shoulder External Rotators Using a Handheld Dynamometer: Reliability and Validity

Measuring Eccentric Strength of the Shoulder External Rotators Using a Handheld Dynamometer: Reliability and Validity

The Effects of a 6-Week Dry Land Exercise Program for High School Swimmers

Effect of Isokinetic Versus Plyometric Training on Shoulder Proprioception and External to Internal Rotators Strength Ratio in Swimmer Children

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