“…As suggested by Churchill (1979) and Gerbing and Anderson (1988), this study used a mixed-methods to generate measurement items and validation as follows: (1) was thoroughly reviewed to identify shopping tourism attributes considering the scope of this study. Shopping-specific items were derived in the following domains: product (Heung and Cheng 2000;Lin and Chen 2013;Wong and Law 2003), servicescape (Bitner 1992;Heung and Cheng 2000;Lin and Lin 2006;Singh and Sahay 2012;Tosun et al 2007;Turley and Milliman 2000), staff service (Choi et al 2008;Heung and Cheng, 2000;Tosun et al 2007;Wong and Wan 2013), store policy/service differentiation (Choi et al 2016;Choi et al 2008;Heung and Cheng 2000), and shopping information (Kim and Lennon 2008;Tosun et al 2007). Meanwhile, destination-specific items focused on government promotion (Keown 1989;Li and Carr 2004), accessibility (Crouch 2011;Hsieh and Chang 2006), safety (Kim et al 2005; Sonmez and Graefe 1998), affordability (Dwyer and Kim 2003;UNWTO 2014), culture, and climate (Chen, Chen, and Lee 2011;Jansen-Verbeke 1986;UNWTO 2014).…”