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Manystudies have shown that kidney transplant recipients have a higher incidence of cancers when compared with general population. However, most data on the posttransplant malignancies (PTM) are derived from Western literature and large population-based studies are rare. There is also lack of information about the posttransplant cancer-specific mortality rate. We conducted a population-based study of 4895 kidney transplants between 1972 and 2011, with data from the Hong Kong Renal Registry. Patterns of cancer incidence and mortality in our kidney transplant recipients were compared with those of the general population using standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) respectively. With 40 246 person-years of follow-up, 299 PTM was diagnosed. The SIR of all cancers was 2.94 (female 3.58 and male 2.58). Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), kidney, and bladder cancers had the highest SIRs. The overall SMR was 2.3 (female 3.4 and male 1.7) and the highest SMR was NHL. The patterns of PTM differ among countries. Increases in cancer incidence can now translate into similar increases in cancer mortality. NHL is important in our kidney transplant recipients. Strategies in cancer screening in selected patient groups are needed to improve transplant outcomes.

PD is a viable treatment option in older adults with stage 5 chronic kidney disease. Age alone should not preclude dialysis. Comprehensive geriatric assessment can prognosticate and facilitate shared decision making to commence dialysis in older adults.

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CKD is prevalent in Chinese HIV-infected patients. Patients with CKD were more likely to be older, associated with use of indinavir and CD4 nadir less than 100 cells/mul.

Introduction One of the most challenging problems facing institutional property investors is the relationship or linkage between indirect and direct property investment (Myer and Webb, 1993). This has been particularly evident in recent years with the downturn in many property markets and the resulting problems with illiquidity. This saw many institutional investors reduce their allocations to direct property and increase their allocations in indirect property (via property companies, property trusts or real estate investment trusts (REITs)), with liquidity and yield becoming key property investment considerations. Part of this challenge relates to the quality of the direct property performance information. Owing to the infrequent trading of commercial properties in most property markets and the absence of a centralized exchange for property transactions, sales-based commercial property performance indices are not readily available. While an alternative data source for property performance is available from the transaction-based indirect property series, such as property companies, property trusts or REITs, strong concerns have been expressed against their use as a proxy for direct property performance, as indirect property returns appear to be more highly correlated with stock market returns than direct property returns. This reinforces the view that property company, REIT and property trust performance are more reflective of stock market performance than the underlying physical property performance. This area of the linkages between indirect and direct property has attracted considerable research interest in recent years. Much of this research has shown that indirect and direct property performance are more closely related than previously thought. Giliberto (1990) used equity REITs to identify a common factor associated with both direct and indirect property in the USA, with lagged values of the equity REITs explaining direct property performance. This common factor was labelled as "pure" property in the sense of it representing property market fundamentals that are not shared with financial asset markets. Gyourko and Keim (1992; 1993) showed lagged REIT returns can predict direct property returns after controlling for persistence in the appraisal-based Russell-NCREIF series in the USA. Myer and Webb (1993; 1994) examined

Background: Different studies in the past have shown that the risk of cancer development is increased in chronic dialysis patients. However, data concerning the cancer risk in Asian dialysis patients was scarce. More importantly, there was lack of information about the cancer-specific mortality in dialysis patients. Methods: A multicenter retrospective cohort study of 6,254 patients who started either chronic peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis between 1994 and 2014 in 4 renal units in Hong Kong. Patterns of cancer incidence and mortality in our dialysis patients were compared with those of the general population using standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) respectively. Results: With 14,887 person-years of follow-up, 220 cancers were recorded. The SIR of all cancers was 1.44 (95% CI 1.26-1.65). A trend of an increased SIR was observed in young patients and within the first year of dialysis. Colorectum was the most common site of cancer (20%) while kidney cancer carried the highest risk (SIR 12.28, 95% CI 8.44-17.08). The SMR of all cancers was 0.91 (95% CI 0.72-1.13) and only kidney cancer had higher cancer mortality risk (SMR 4.92, 95% CI 1.80-10.70). SMR was highest in young patients and then decreased with age. Conclusions: The incidence of cancers in our chronic dialysis patients was elevated. Our findings of substantially increased risks in young patients, particularly in relation to kidney cancer, suggest that we can adopt a more individualized approach to cancer screening in chronic dialysis patients.

A high-density built environment poses challenges to the idea of sustainable development in respect of health (e.g. SARS outbreak) and safety (e.g. fire and structural problems). To examine the seriousness of the high-density problem, this study aims to survey the health and safety performance of apartment buildings in a densely populated city, Hong Kong, using a simplified assessment scheme. An assessment scheme based on a hierarchy of building performance indicators concerning the quality of: (a) architectural design, (b) building services design, (c) the surrounding environment, (d) operations and maintenance, and (e) management approaches was developed. One hundred forty (140) apartment buildings were surveyed and assessed through site inspections, desk searches, and interviews. A performance analysis was conducted to examine and compare the overall health and safety performance of the buildings. We found that there were considerable variations in health and safety conditions across buildings, even though they are located within a single district. Most of the variations in building health and safety conditions were attributed to differences in building management systems rather than building design. Enhancing strategic management approaches (e.g. a better delineation of owners' rights and duties) appears to be the most critical factor that underperformers should consider in order to improve their buildings.