“…The modifi cation techniques of the fi rst type include tin plating, 12 pyrochemical silica-coating (Siloc or Silicoater, Heraeus Kulzer, Wehrheim, Germany), [3][4][5][6]9,10 a tribochemical coating system (Rocatec, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA), 5,6,8,11,12,14 a titanium dioxide coating system, 11 and spark erosion. 14 Although long histories of use show these techniques to be reliable for application to a wide range of metal types, the procedures are often complicated and basically require a custom apparatus.…”