Sharing Energy Storage Between Transmission and Distribution

Abstract

This paper addresses the problem of how best to coordinate, or "stack," energy storage services in systems that lack centralized markets. Specifically, its focus is on how to coordinate transmission-level congestion relief with local, distribution-level objectives. We describe and demonstrate a unified communication and optimization framework for performing this coordination. The congestion relief problem formulation employs a weighted 1-norm objective. This approach determines a set of corrective actions, i.e., energy storage injections and conventional generation adjustments, that minimize the required deviations from a planned schedule. To exercise this coordination framework, we present two case studies. The first is based on a 3-bus test system, and the second on a realistic representation of the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The results indicate that the scheduling methodology provides congestion relief, cost savings, and improved renewable energy integration. The largescale case study informed the design of a live demonstration carried out in partnership with the University of Washington, Doosan GridTech, Snohomish County PUD, and the Bonneville Power Administration. The goal of the demonstration was to test the feasibility of the scheduling framework in a production environment with real-world energy storage assets. The demonstration results were consistent with computational simulations.Index Terms-Distribution system operator, energy storage system, mixed-integer linear programming, state of charge, transmission congestion, transmission system operator, unit commitment.

Security Impacts Assessment of Active Distribution Network on the Modern Grid Operation—A Review

“…Three market designs for TS, DS, and retailers were proposed for flexibility trading in [128]. Flexibility cost estimation and energy sharing were achieved using a series-linked optimization approach in [129,130]. The major drawbacks of the proposed approaches for coordination and optimization are the limits of optimization parameters and system security trade-offs.…”

Optimal Virtual Power Plant Management for Multiple Grid Support Services

“…To combine the multiple time-scales involved in the VPP management (from the day-ahead scale of the market, to the almost-instantaneous frequency regulation), a hierarchical multi-layer control architecture is proposed and demonstrated experimentally in this paper. Typically, such hierarchical control is used for optimal power dispatch and loss minimization in islanded micro-grids [13]- [14] but has rarely been tested for the provision of stacked services.…”

“…2-b; ℎ is the gas lower specific heat (ℎ =10.6 kWh / m 3 ), while / are the conversion efficiencies. The CHP heat is equally distributed between the thermal zones, according to (13).…”

A Market Mechanism for Truthful Bidding with Energy Storage

“…Theorem 3. The competitive equilibrium of the cycle aware market mechanism (31) also solves the SOCIAL PLANNER problem (9).…”

“…Energy storage systems like lithium-ion batteries have the technical capability to provide essential grid services for system reliability and power quality, which is driving their growing participation in the grid operation and electricity energy markets [1]- [6]. A number of market dispatch models that utilize storage have been proposed for purposes such as integration with popular renewable energy sources [7], [8], supporting transmission and distribution entities [9], [10], providing demand response [11], etc. However, the canonical market mechanism for economic dispatch was designed without accounting for the operational cost of storage, e.g., their intrinsic degradation through repeated charging-discharging cycles.…”