Shared metabolic and immune-inflammatory, oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways in the metabolic syndrome and mood disorders

Different Intestinal Microbial Profile in Over-Weight and Obese Subjects Consuming a Diet with Low Content of Fiber and Antioxidants

“…In the present study, we have found that leptin level increased proportionally with the degree of obesity (Table 2) and is positively correlated with adiposity (Pearson correlation with the percentage of fat mass r = 0.590, p < 0.001, data not shown), its serum concentration being similar to that previously reported by other authors [40,41]. Higher serum levels of MDA and CRP have been previously reported in obesity and metabolic syndrome [42] and have also linked obesity to alterations in the lipoprotein particles profile as well as to increased lipid peroxidation, during which the MDA is one of the most abundant products formed [43,44,45,46,47]. In this way, our results regarding levels of MDA are in-line with previous findings and the levels of CRP corroborate studies relating to the presence of obesity with chronic low-grade inflammation [48].…”

Environmental risk factors and nonpharmacological and nonsurgical interventions for obesity: An umbrella review of meta‐analyses of cohort studies and randomized controlled trials

“…Hence, we found depression to be a risk factor for obesity in both childhood and also among adults supported by convincing evidence. Several biobehavioural mechanisms may explain the association of depression and obesity including low physical activity levels and peripheral immune activation . In addition, evidence suggests that obesity may also increase the risk of depression, thus pointing to reciprocal interactions between those conditions .…”

“…Several biobehavioural mechanisms may explain the association of depression and obesity including low physical activity levels 105,106 and peripheral immune activation. 26,107,108 In addition, evidence suggests that obesity may also increase the risk of depression, thus pointing to reciprocal interactions between those conditions. 50 Initial Mendelian randomization (MR) studies using weak genetic instruments did not appear to support a causal association between higher BMI and incident depression, 109,110 but one more recent study has suggested a 1.15-fold to 1.40-fold higher risk of depression for each standard deviation increase in BMI.…”

Natural regulatory IgM‐mediated autoimmune responses directed against malondialdehyde regulate oxidative and nitrosative pathways and coupled with IgM responses to nitroso adducts attenuate depressive and physiosomatic symptoms at the end of term pregnancy

“…There is now evidence that women with affective disorders are more likely to suffer from alcohol abuse and dependence and that women with substance abuse experience more depression . There are also known associations between increased incidence or severity of depression and higher BMI and anxiety levels …”

“…MDA, in turn, may cause deleterious effects to proteins and DNA thereby exerting neurotoxic effects and promoting cell death . Increased MDA levels in depression and bipolar disorder are now well established and have been consolidated in meta‐analyses …”