Sexual dimorphism of the human sternum in a Maharashtrian population of India: A morphometric analysis

Sex determination from measurements of the sternum and fourth rib using multislice computed tomography of the chest

“…M: The mean M value was 50.3 AE 4.9 mm for females and 53.9 AE 5.5 mm for males and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). When ''the 50 rule'' [14] was used in our study, it was found that 74% of males and 50% of females could be determined correctly. We derived ''the 52 rule'' from our results and it achieved 69% and 60% accuracy for females and males respectively ( [3] had an accuracy of 92% for males and 59% for females in our study.…”

Evaluation of the morphological characteristic and sex differences of sternum by multi-detector computed tomography

“…Jit et al [17] successfully applied "the 136 rule" derived by Ashley for East African population on the North Indian population and Dahiphale et al [18] formulated "the 129 rule" for Marathwada region in India. Hunnargi et al [19] formulated "the 131 rule" for west India population; Ramadan et al [24] formulated "the 142" rule for the Anatolian population. In our study, we found "144 rule" in the South Eastern Anatolian Region.…”

“…According to our study, the Hyrtl rule cannot be applied for the South Eastern Anatolia Population in sex determination. Similarly, Dwight [12], Ashley [16], Jit [17], Dahiphale [18], Hunnargi [19], and Ramadan [24] determined in their studies that rule was not reliable for their populations. In a study carried out on Morphometric studies of x-rays of the sternum, sex determination of a sufficient certainty was possible using the measurement of length and breadth obtained from x-rays of the human sternum if a wide range of dispersion is given.…”

“…Rother et al [1] Used discriminant function analysis based on length, breadth, and thickness of sternum for sex determination successfully. Hunnargi et al [19] applied "the 50 rule" for the Manubrium confirmed sex in 77.3% male and 77.5% female. This law continues to be taught as true, regardless of the many studies that found it to be unreliable [17][18][19].…”

“…Hunnargi et al [19] applied "the 50 rule" for the Manubrium confirmed sex in 77.3% male and 77.5% female. This law continues to be taught as true, regardless of the many studies that found it to be unreliable [17][18][19]. Additionally, Bongiovanni [20] tested, sexual dimorphism of the sternum between American Black and American White populations that were in agreement with previous studies while the mean values of Sternal index conform to Hyrtl's Law, the range of values largely overlap, and prove unreliable for sex estimation.…”