Sex determination from measurements of the sternum and fourth rib using multislice computed tomography of the chest

Evaluation of the morphological characteristic and sex differences of sternum by multi-detector computed tomography

“…Jit et al [17] successfully applied "the 136 rule" derived by Ashley for East African population on the North Indian population and Dahiphale et al [18] formulated "the 129 rule" for Marathwada region in India. Hunnargi et al [19] formulated "the 131 rule" for west India population; Ramadan et al [24] formulated "the 142" rule for the Anatolian population. In our study, we found "144 rule" in the South Eastern Anatolian Region.…”

“…According to our study, the Hyrtl rule cannot be applied for the South Eastern Anatolia Population in sex determination. Similarly, Dwight [12], Ashley [16], Jit [17], Dahiphale [18], Hunnargi [19], and Ramadan [24] determined in their studies that rule was not reliable for their populations. In a study carried out on Morphometric studies of x-rays of the sternum, sex determination of a sufficient certainty was possible using the measurement of length and breadth obtained from x-rays of the human sternum if a wide range of dispersion is given.…”

“…The length of the manubrium was not found to be useful in sexual dimorphism of the sternum [27]. Some studies have emphasized that the sex determination accuracy can be increased when 4th rib measurements and the rib mineralization pattern are taken into account in addition to Sternal data [23,24].…”

Sex determination based on the analysis of a contemporary Polish population’s palatine bones: a computed tomography study of 1,200 patients

“…There is much debate over which elements to use for sex identification when only the skull and the long bones (femur, humerus, and radius) are present. Many authors indicate that the skull is the second most reliable gender indicator [7, 13 19], however there are also numerous studies showing otherwise [2,14,17]. Not only entire bones, but even chosen bone features (e.g.…”

Sex determination from os sacrum by postmortem CT

“…Postmortem CT imaging is a good method to depict osseous structures [8][9][10][11], so CT scanning is also applied in forensic anthropology. Currently, CT scans are used for typical forensic anthropological tasks such as sex and age determination [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. The assessment of morphological bone traits of individuals is basically accurate but should be performed by physical anthropologists.…”