Sex Differences in Sports Across 50 Societies

Deaner, Robert O.; Smith, Brandt A.

doi:10.2139/ssrn.2009329

Cited by 10 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…We also note that sprinting is one of the most popular sports across a broad spectrum of traditional and modern societies ( Deaner & Smith, 2013 ; Gotaas, 2009 ; Guttmann, 2004a ; Guttmann, 2004b ; Sears, 2001 ). Sprinting’s popularity is also revealed by the global fame accorded to Olympic champions such as Jesse Owens ( Baker, 1986 ), Wilma Rudolph ( Smith, 2006 ), Bob Hayes ( Hayes, 1990 ), Marion Jones ( Jones, 2004 ), and Usain Bolt ( Bolt, 2010 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

You can’t teach speed: sprinters falsify the deliberate practice model of expertise

Lombardo

Deaner

2014

PeerJ

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Many scientists agree that expertise requires both innate talent and proper training. Nevertheless, the highly influential deliberate practice model (DPM) of expertise holds that talent does not exist or makes a negligible contribution to performance. It predicts that initial performance will be unrelated to achieving expertise and that 10 years of deliberate practice is necessary. We tested these predictions in the domain of sprinting. In Studies 1 and 2 we reviewed biographies of 15 Olympic champions and the 20 fastest American men in U.S. history. In all documented cases, sprinters were exceptional prior to initiating training, and most reached world class status rapidly (Study 1 median = 3 years; Study 2 = 7.5). In Study 3 we surveyed U.S. national collegiate championships qualifiers in sprinters (n = 20) and throwers (n = 44). Sprinters recalled being faster as youths than did throwers, whereas throwers recalled greater strength and throwing ability. Sprinters’ best performances in their first season of high school, generally the onset of formal training, were consistently faster than 95–99% of their peers. Collectively, these results falsify the DPM for sprinting. Because speed is foundational for many sports, they challenge the DPM generally.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

You can’t teach speed: sprinters falsify the deliberate practice model of expertise

Lombardo

Deaner

2014

PeerJ

Self Cite

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“…In addition, there some discrepancies in the prevalence, preference or attitudes about exercise between the sexes. For example, men are more likely to participate in more than one type of exercise for longer durations and more frequently than females (Stapleton et al , 2014; Deaner and Smith, 2013). A recent study in China suggests that women are more likely to practice Tai chi and dancing, while men involve in walking and jogging (Birdee et al , 2013).…”

Section: Sex Differences In Exercise and Fitnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in drug addiction and response to exercise intervention: From human to animal studies

Zhou

Zhao

Zhou

et al. 2016

Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology

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Accumulated research supports the idea that exercise could be an option of potential prevention and treatment for drug addiction. During the past few years, there has been increased interest in investigating of sex differences in exercise and drug addiction. This demonstrates that sex-specific exercise intervention strategies may be important for preventing and treating drug addiction in men and women. However, little is known about how and why sex differences are found when doing exercise-induced interventions for drug addiction. In this review, we included both animal and human that pulled subjects from a varied age demographic, as well as neurobiological mechanisms that may highlight the sex-related differences in these potential to assess the impact of sex-specific roles in drug addiction and exercise therapies.

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“…Indirect evidence that girls are more egalitarian than boys is found in research on competition. Across diverse cultures, beginning in early childhood and continuing into adulthood, girls and women are less likely than their male counterparts to engage in competitive games (Ahlgren & Johnson, ; Craig, ; Deaner & Smith, ; Goodwin, ). Echoing the gender difference in speech forms, more generally women avoid competition against others (Niederle & Vesterlund, ), even in remote cultures (Apicella & Dreber, ), and state they actively dislike it in the workplace (Lee, Kesebir, & Pillutla, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indirect evidence that girls are more egalitarian than boys is found in research on competition. Across diverse cultures, beginning in early childhood and continuing into adulthood, girls and women are less likely than their male counterparts to engage in competitive games (Ahlgren & Johnson, 1979;Craig, 2002;Deaner & Smith, The psychological mechanisms involved likely differ when the self is one of the recipients versus when the self is not included in the interaction. To our knowledge, no studies have examined distribution of equal resources to individuals when the self is excluded.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in egalitarian behavior and attitudes in early childhood

Benenson

Durosky

Nguyễn

et al. 2018

Developmental Science

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It is axiomatic that human females are more egalitarian than males. However, surprisingly little empirical research exists that empirically assesses this stereotype. We created two studies designed to objectively examine egalitarian behavior in 3- to 5-year-old children. In Study 1 we compared the egalitarian behavior and attitudes of American girls versus boys by tabulating the extent to which each gender awarded the same number of stickers to, and liked to the same degree, two puppets. One puppet followed the child's instructions or actions while the other did not during a drawing task in which the child played the roles of leader and peer. In the peer role, girls exhibited more egalitarian behavior than boys. In Study 2, French-Canadian children were shown two drawings by unknown peers-one messily and one neatly colored-, then asked to distribute stickers to each peer's drawing. Again, girls exhibited more egalitarian behavior than boys. Results suggest the origins of gender differences in egalitarian behavior occur early in life and merit further investigation.

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Sex Differences in Sports Across 50 Societies

Cited by 10 publications

References 95 publications

You can’t teach speed: sprinters falsify the deliberate practice model of expertise

You can’t teach speed: sprinters falsify the deliberate practice model of expertise

Sex differences in drug addiction and response to exercise intervention: From human to animal studies

Gender differences in egalitarian behavior and attitudes in early childhood

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