Sex Differences and the Role of Sex Steroids in Sympatho-Adrenal Medullary System and Hypothalamo-Pituitary Adrenal Axis Responses to Stress

Turner, Anne I.; Keating, Charlotte; Tilbrook, Alan John

doi:10.5772/25611

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 121 publications

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“…An alternative explanation for the increased CORT levels in the undercrowded group is that the higher values are a consequence of increased physical activity, since a main effect of glucocorticoids is to mobilize energy reserves to meet increased metabolic demands [51]. Indeed, in response to exercise, sheep have increased plasma cortisol levels [52].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stocking Density Affects Stress and Anxious Behavior in the Laying Hen Chick During Rearing

Eugen

Nordquist

Zeinstra

et al. 2019

Animals

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The recent increases in stocking density, in extreme cases resulting in ‘crowding’, have a major impact on poultry welfare. In contrast to available research on adult laying hens, there is a gap in the literature studying the rearing phase. The present study investigated the effects of stocking density during the rearing period on the welfare of the laying hen chick. The chicks were housed under one of three crowding conditions, increasing with age: undercrowding (500-1000-1429 cm2 per chick), conventional crowding (167-333-500 cm2 per chick), or overcrowding (56-111-167 cm2 per chick). The parameters evaluated encompassed behavioral and physiological factors related to anxiety and stress. We found that during the first 6 weeks, overcrowded chicks displayed more anxious behavior than undercrowded chicks, and both extreme densities induced higher corticosterone levels compared to chicks housed under conventional crowding. At 10 weeks of age, plasma corticosterone had dropped to the level of conventional crowding group in both groups, whereas feather corticosterone remained high only in the overcrowded group. We conclude that current conventional stocking densities do not seem to impair the welfare state of the laying hen chick, and that a three-fold increase or decrease of density influences corticosterone levels and anxious behavior, but within the adaptive capacity of the chick. Important side notes to this conclusion are that an increase of stocking density did result in a slower rate of adaptation, and that there could be long-term consequences of both the different stocking densities and/or increased costs of adaptation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stocking Density Affects Stress and Anxious Behavior in the Laying Hen Chick During Rearing

Eugen

Nordquist

Zeinstra

et al. 2019

Animals

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“…This is expected and confirmed by a separation in the DEX and no DEX groups seen in DAPC plots. DEX provides strong immunosuppression [ 61 , 75 ] and increases broilers’ gut permeability and glucose absorption [ 42 , 76 ]. This impacts gut motility, mast cell activity, mucin production, and, eventually, the composition of gut microbiota [ 77 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Probiotics Mix Supplementation in a Broiler Leaky Gut Model

Horyanto,

Bajagai,

Kayal

et al. 2024

Microorganisms

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The supplementation of antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) has been banned in many countries because of the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in poultry products and the environment. Probiotics have been broadly studied and demonstrated as a promising AGP substitute. Our study is centred on the effects of a multi-strain Bacillus-based probiotic product on broiler production performance and gut microbial profile in a dexamethasone-induced leaky gut challenge. Two hundred and fifty-six broiler chicks were hatched and randomly assigned into four groups (wheat-soybean meal basal diet (BD) = non-supplemented control (C), BD supplemented with dexamethasone in week 4 (CD), BD containing a probiotic from day one (P), and BD containing a probiotic from day one and supplemented with dexamethasone during challenge week 4 (PD)). The production performance and caecal, gizzard, jejunal lumen and jejunal mucosa swab microbiota were studied by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The Bacillus probiotic product significantly improved production performance and altered caecal gut microbiota (p ≤ 0.05), but no significant impact on microbiota was observed in other gut sections.

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Gene polymorphisms associated with temperament

Qiu

Martin

Blache

2017

Journal of Neurogenetics

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When individuals are exposed to stressful environmental challenges, the response varies widely in one or more of three components: psychology, behavior and physiology. This variability among individuals can be defined as temperament. In recent years, an increasing large body of evidence suggests that the dimensions of temperament, as well as personality, psychological disorders and behavioral traits, are influenced by genetic factors, and much of the variation appears to involve variation in genes or gene polymorphisms in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis and the behavior-controlling neurotransmitter networks. Here, we review our current understanding of the probabilistic impact of a number of candidate gene polymorphisms that control temperament, psychological disorders and behavioral traits in animals and human, including the gene polymorphisms related to corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) production and adrenal cortisol production involved in the HPA axis, and a large number of gene polymorphisms in the dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmitter networks. It will very likely to assist in diagnosis and treatment of human relevant disorders, and provide useful contributions to our understanding of evolution, welfare and conservation, for animals in the wild and in production systems. Additionally, investigations of gene-gene and gene-environment complex interactions in humans and animals need further clear illustration.

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Sex Differences and the Role of Sex Steroids in Sympatho-Adrenal Medullary System and Hypothalamo-Pituitary Adrenal Axis Responses to Stress

Cited by 4 publications

References 121 publications

Stocking Density Affects Stress and Anxious Behavior in the Laying Hen Chick During Rearing

Stocking Density Affects Stress and Anxious Behavior in the Laying Hen Chick During Rearing

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Probiotics Mix Supplementation in a Broiler Leaky Gut Model

Gene polymorphisms associated with temperament

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