Serum fibroblast growth factor 21 levels are related to subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes

Xiao, Yang; Liu, Lingjiao; Xu, Aimin; Zhou, Pengcheng; Long, Zhaofeng; Tu, Yiting; Chen, Xiaoyan; Tang, Weili; Huang, Gan; Zhang, Zhou

doi:10.1186/s12933-015-0229-9

Cited by 64 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…On the other hand, AT‐derived FGF21 might be implicated in CVD, as it was positively associated with cardiometabolic risk factors, increased intima‐media thickness on both carotid and iliac arteries, high levels of C‐reactive protein, dysglycaemia, dyslipidaemia and decreased adiponectin levels (Chow et al ., ; Xiao et al ., ). These apparently conflicting findings on different tissue sources of FGF‐21 indicate the existence of tissue‐specific physiological functions of FGF21, which require further investigation.…”

Section: Local Control Of Exercise On At: Myokinesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Exercise effects on perivascular adipose tissue: endocrine and paracrine determinants of vascular function

Boa

Yudkin

Hinsbergh

et al. 2017

British J Pharmacology

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Obesity is a global epidemic, accompanied by increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Adipose tissue hypertrophy is associated with adipose tissue inflammation, which alters the secretion of adipose tissue‐derived bioactive products, known as adipokines. Adipokines determine vessel wall properties such as smooth muscle tone and vessel wall inflammation. Exercise is a mainstay of prevention of chronic, non‐communicable diseases, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in particular. Aside from reducing adipose tissue mass, exercise has been shown to reduce inflammatory activity in this tissue. Mechanistically, contracting muscles release bioactive molecules known as myokines, which alter the metabolic phenotype of adipose tissue. In adipose tissue, myokines induce browning, enhance fatty acid oxidation and improve insulin sensitivity. In the past years, the perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) which surrounds the vasculature, has been shown to control vascular tone and inflammation through local release of adipokines. In obesity, an increase in mass and inflammation of PVAT culminate in dysregulation of adipokine secretion, which contributes to vascular dysfunction. This review describes our current understanding of the mechanisms by which active muscles interact with adipose tissue and improve vascular function. Aside from the exercise‐dependent regulation of canonical adipose tissue function, we will focus on the interactions between skeletal muscle and PVAT and the role of novel myokines, such as IL‐15, FGF21 and irisin, in these interactions. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Perivascular Adipose Tissue – Potential Pharmacological Targets? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.20/issuetoc

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Section: Local Control Of Exercise On At: Myokinesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Exercise effects on perivascular adipose tissue: endocrine and paracrine determinants of vascular function

Boa

Yudkin

Hinsbergh

et al. 2017

British J Pharmacology

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“…FGF21 activates the βKlotho co-receptor which is highly expressed in AT but not in SKM (128). Also AT expresses FGF21 which might be implicated in CVD since it is associated with cardio-metabolic risk factors, increased intima-media thickness of carotid and iliac arteries, high levels of C-reactive protein, dysglycemia, dyslipidemia, and decreased adiponectin levels (129,130). As for IL-6, the existence of different tissue sources of FGF21 suggests tissue-specific physiological functions (131).…”

Section: Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (Fgf2) and Fgf21mentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring myokines with cardiovascular functions: pre-analytical variables affecting the analytical output

Lombardi¹,

Sansoni²,

Banfi³

2017

Ann. Transl. Med.

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Abstract:In the last few years, a growing number of molecules have been associated to an endocrine function of the skeletal muscle. Circulating myokine levels, in turn, have been associated with several pathophysiological conditions including the cardiovascular ones. However, data from different studies are often not completely comparable or even discordant. This would be due, at least in part, to the whole set of situations related to the preparation of the patient prior to blood sampling, blood sampling procedure, processing and/or store. This entire process constitutes the pre-analytical phase. The importance of the preanalytical phase is often not considered. However, in routine diagnostics, the 70% of the errors are in this phase. Moreover, errors during the pre-analytical phase are carried over in the analytical phase and affects the final output. In research, for example, when samples are collected over a long time and by different laboratories, a standardized procedure for sample collecting and the correct procedure for sample storage are acknowledged. In this review, we discuss the pre-analytical variables potentially affecting the measurement of myokines with cardiovascular functions.

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“…Apart from extensive investigations on the metabolic activities of FGF21, recent studies show protective roles of FGF21 in the cardiovascular system [15]. Positive associations between serum levels of FGF21 and cardiovascular events in human, including coronary heart disease [26] and various types of atherosclerosis [27][28][29] were reported in several studies. In line with these clinical findings, serum FGF21 level is also increased with aging in apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE -/-) mice with spontaneous development of atherosclerosis [30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 in Lipid Metabolism and Hypertension

Huang

Cheung

2017

Curr Hypertens Rep

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Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 belongs to the FGF superfamily that is involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, neural development, angiogenesis, and metabolism. FGF21 requires β-Klotho as a co-receptor. Tissues involved in metabolism such as the liver, adipose tissues, skeletal muscle, and pancreas express FGF21. Starvation increases hepatic expression of FGF21, which then acts centrally to increase hepatic gluconeogenesis. FGF21 also increases fatty acid oxidation. This may be relevant in cold exposure, when expression of FGF21 is induced. Chronic treatment with recombinant FGF21 reduces serum and hepatic triglyceride levels and ameliorates fatty liver in obese mice, through the suppression of the lipogenic gene, Srebp-1. FGF21 reduces hepatic cholesterol production by inhibiting Srebp-2, a transactivator of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). LY2045319, an FGF21 analog, reduces LDL-C and triglycerides and increases HDL-C in obese human subjects with type 2 diabetes. FGF21 does not seem to lower blood pressure acutely. In rats fed with high-fructose water to induce mild hypertension, 4-week treatment with recombinant FGF21 led to normalization of systolic blood pressure and improved serum lipid profile. FGF receptors and β-Klotho are expressed on the nucleus tractus solitarii and nodose ganglion in the baroreflex afferent pathway. Moreover, FGF21 acts on the hypothalamus to release corticosterone and induces in adipocytes the production of adiponectin, an adipokine with antihypertensive activities. Therefore, FGF21 may decrease blood pressure indirectly, through its actions in the liver, brain, and adipose tissues.

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Serum fibroblast growth factor 21 levels are related to subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes

Cited by 64 publications

References 36 publications

Exercise effects on perivascular adipose tissue: endocrine and paracrine determinants of vascular function

Exercise effects on perivascular adipose tissue: endocrine and paracrine determinants of vascular function

Measuring myokines with cardiovascular functions: pre-analytical variables affecting the analytical output

The Potential Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 in Lipid Metabolism and Hypertension

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