Serum biomarkers for diagnosis and prediction of type 1 diabetes

Abstract

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) culminates in the autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic βcells, leading to insufficient production of insulin and development of hyperglycemia. Serum biomarkers including a combination of glucose, glycated molecules, C-peptide, and autoantibodies have been well established for the diagnosis of T1D. However, these molecules often mark a late stage of the disease when ∼90% of the pancreatic insulin-producing β-cells have already been lost. With the prevalence of T1D increasing worldwide and because of the physical and psychological burden induced by this disease, there is a great need for prognostic biomarkers to predict T1D development or progression. This would allow us to identify individuals at high risk for early prevention and intervention. Therefore, considerable efforts have been dedicated to the understanding of disease etiology and the discovery of novel biomarkers in the last few decades. The advent of high-throughput and sensitive "-omics" technologies for the study of proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites have allowed large scale profiling of protein expression and gene changes in T1D patients relative to disease-free controls. In this review, we briefly discuss the classical diagnostic biomarkers of T1D but mainly focus on the novel biomarkers that are identified as markers of β-cell destruction and screened with the use of state-of-the-art "-omics" technologies.

Emerging Roles of Exosomes in T1DM

“…For example, given that the time from seroconversion to diagnosis can span from weeks to decades, other biomarkers are needed before and after seroconversion. In addition, some patients never display these autoantibodies at diagnosis, and a subset of autoantibody-positive individuals will not develop clinical diabetes (72).…”

Long Noncoding RNAs and Circular RNAs in Autoimmune Diseases

“…This condition evolves over many years with symptomatic hyperglycemia occurring after a long latency period. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other specific markers, such as ncRNA, in the serum of the patients can be used as potential markers for T1D early diagnosis and prognosis [ 133 ].…”

Precision Medicine of Autoimmune Diseases

“…The diagnostic biomarkers (serum biomarkers) use in the diagnosis of T1D includes the combination of glucose, C-peptide, glycated molecules and autoantibodies established for T1D. Still, these molecules often mark the late stage of the disease [53]. So far, advance in genomic research introduces the administration of islet autoantigens or peptides into a recipient with the risk of T1D; these studies suggest promising changes in immune regulation of islet autoimmunity.…”