Serbia: Another endemic region for canine ocular thelaziosis

Hadži-Milić, Milan; Ilić, Tamara; Stepanović, Predrag; Đorđević, Jelena; Dimitrijević, Sanda

doi:10.21521/mw.5561

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In the three species submitted to a quantitative analysis, it was found that the left eye was the most frequently affected. However, these results come from few sources and represent a small sample [6,25,28,31,40,47,57]. Consequently, it is not possible to compare or infer about eye predisposition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic review on infection and disease caused byThelazia callipaedain Europe: 2001–2020

et al. 2020

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Cases of thelaziosis by Thelazia callipaeda have been increasing considerably in Europe throughout the 21st century, with recent emphasis on Eastern Europe. A systematic review was conducted using defined search terms across three major databases and, additionally, with the examination of the references of the 56 articles selected. Available information about epidemiological and clinical features of all cases of thelaziosis by T. callipaeda in companion animals, wildlife and humans was extracted, evaluated and subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis. In all cross-sectional studies about dogs, cats and red foxes, males were more frequently infected than females (dogs: p = 0.0365; cats: p = 0.0164; red foxes: p = 0.0082). Adult dogs seem to be more prone to infection (p < 0.0001), as well as large-sized dogs (p < 0.0001), and companion animals that live exclusively outdoors (p < 0.0001). Dogs and red foxes involved in these cross-sectional studies harboured significantly more female than male nematodes (p < 0.0001). Thelaziosis by T. callipaeda is far from controlled in Europe. Only through updated epidemiological data, knowledge improvement and awareness can correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment and prevention be ensured to tackle this zoonosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic review on infection and disease caused byThelazia callipaedain Europe: 2001–2020

et al. 2020

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“…In Serbia, several studies related to the presence of zoonotic nematodes in wild carnivores (Ilić et al, 2016a;2016b;Hadži-Milić et al, 2016;Gajić et al, 2019), nonowner dogs (Ristić et al, 2020a;2020b), shelters dogs (Ilić et al, 2021), and owned dogs and cats (Ilić et al, 2017;Ristić et al, 2020a;Stepanović et al, 2021) have been reported, while those related to carnivorous filariasis are of special importance (Tasić et al, 2008;Tasić et al, 2012;Penezić et al, 2014;Stepanović et al, 2015;Gavrilović et al, 2015;Kurucz et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical-parasitological and epidemiological review of the nematode Acanthocheilonema reconditum

et al. 2023

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Acanthocheilonema (Dipetalonema) reconditum is a less pathogenic species of filaria from the superfamily Filarioidea, and which parasitizes in the subcutaneous connective tissue of dogs, hyenas and jackals. The results of epidemiological studies indicate the zoonotic potential of A. reconditum, bearing in mind it can cause infections with clinical disorders in humans. This filaria is spread globally and it is mostly described in geographical areas such as the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East, South Africa, South America and Oceania, where it is the only or is the most common filaria that infects dogs. The prevalence and distribution of A. reconditum depend mainly on the vector population, impact of environmental factors, and lifestyle of pets and their owners. Apart from the standard parasitological techniques for differential diagnostics of filariae, more attention is being dedicated to the development of protocols that are based on the simultaneous detection of specific DNA regions in each type of individual filaria. Due to its importance for public health, effective vector control is required, as well as regular preventive examinations, reliable diagnostics and therapy for A. reconditum in dogs, and continuous cooperation between veterinary and medical surgeons.

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“…The high prevalence of T. callipaeda in dogs from specific geographical areas in Italy (up to 41.76% [ 9 ]), Spain (up to 61.3% [ 4 ]), Serbia (up to 35.52% [ 10 ]), and France (no prevalence data, but a high number of reported cases [ 11 ]); suggest that stable endemic foci of the infection occur [ 12 ]. Conversely, lower prevalence in Switzerland (i.e., 5.3% [ 13 ]) and Portugal (i.e., 3.8% [ 14 ]) may indicate the emergence of this parasite in previously non-endemic countries [ 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of a formulation of sarolaner/moxidectin/pyrantel (Simparica Trio®) for the prevention of Thelazia callipaeda canine eyeworm infection

et al. 2022

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Background For a long time known as the oriental eyeworm, Thelazia callipaeda is a zoonotic nematode that infects the eyes of a wide range of vertebrate hosts including dogs, cats, wildlife carnivores, lagomorphs, and humans. The high occurrence of this infection in Europe and the first cases in the United States have increased scientific interest in the parasite, as it also represents a risk for people living in endemic areas. Therefore, treatment and prevention of thelaziosis in canine population are advocated to reduce the risk of human infection as well. Here, we assessed the efficacy of a formulation containing sarolaner/moxidectin/pyrantel (Simparica Trio®) administered orally at monthly intervals, for the prevention of establishment of infection with T. callipaeda in naturally infected dogs. In this formulation, moxidectin is expected to have efficacy against eyeworms, whereas sarolaner and pyrantel are not. Methods The study was conducted in eyeworm endemic areas of Italy and France, where dogs (n = 125) were assigned into two groups consisting of a negative control group (G1; n = 62), in which animals were treated monthly with a control product (sarolaner; Simparica®), and a treatment group (G2; n = 63) in which animals were treated monthly with Simparica Trio (sarolaner/moxidectin/pyrantel) from day 0 to day 150. In total, nine animals were withdrawn from the study (two animals became positive at day 30, and seven for reasons unrelated to eyeworm infection), resulting in 116 animals (n = 58 for G1; n = 58 for G2). Results In G1, 16 out of 58 animals (27.6%) were observed with eyeworms during the study, and none of the animals from G2 were ever observed with eyeworms, resulting in 100% efficacy (P < 0.0001) in the prevention of establishment of T. callipaeda infection. Adult nematodes and fourth-instar (L4)-stage larvae were recovered from the eyes of positive animals, counted, and morphologically identified as T. callipaeda. In addition, specimens from Italy were molecularly confirmed as belonging to the haplotype 1 (i.e., the only one circulating in Europe so far). Conclusions Data presented herein demonstrated 100% efficacy of Simparica Trio for the prevention of T. callipaeda eyeworm infection in dogs from highly endemic areas of France and Italy. The use of this formulation is advantageous, as it is a licensed product in Europe with a wide efficacy spectrum against other nematodes, multiple tick species, and fleas. In addition, preventing the development of infection in dogs could also be a prophylaxis measure for zoonotic T. callipaeda infection in humans inhabiting endemic areas. Graphical Abstract

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Serbia: Another endemic region for canine ocular thelaziosis

Abstract: Summary Canine thelaziosis is widely distributed in Far Eastern countries and considered endemic in many European

Cited by 4 publications

References 35 publications

Systematic review on infection and disease caused byThelazia callipaedain Europe: 2001–2020

Systematic review on infection and disease caused byThelazia callipaedain Europe: 2001–2020

Clinical-parasitological and epidemiological review of the nematode Acanthocheilonema reconditum

Efficacy of a formulation of sarolaner/moxidectin/pyrantel (Simparica Trio®) for the prevention of Thelazia callipaeda canine eyeworm infection

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