Sequential extraction and availability of copper in Cu fungicide-amended vineyard soils from Southern Brazil

Abstract

The continuous use of cupric fungicides in vineyards, mainly copper sulfate (as a component of the bordeaux mixture), has increased Cu concentration in soils to levels near or even above the maximum established by the Commission of Soil Chemistry and Fertility of the States of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Besides the total content, the fractions of the element along the soil profile must be known, because the total content of Cu in the soil is not sufficient to express its environmental impact. The objective of this study was to evaluate the variation of Cu contentes along the soil profile and its speciation and partitioning in 29 soil samples from vineyards in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Samples were collected in areas cropped with vineyards older than 15 years that had been frequently treated with the bordeaux mixture. These samples were from Nitosols, Acrisols, Cambisols and Leptosols and were analysed by sequential extractions and several chemical extractors. Soils had diverse chemical and physical attributes: clay content in the plowed layer (0-0.2 m) ranged from 120 to 610 g kg(-1), pH ranged from 5.3 to 7.3 and organic carbon contents varied from 2.9 to 51 g dm(-3). Among the 29 samples, 16 had the total Cu above the maximum limit allowed by the European Community regulations (140 mg kg(-1)). The average amount of Cu bonded to the oxide fraction accounted for 49.5% of the total Cu.

Copper and Zinc Fractionation in Apple Orchard Soil in the Village of Bukevje (Croatia) Using the Revised Four-Step BCR Extraction Procedure

“…Generally, our results are comparable with similar studies (11,13,14,32). Quite expectedly, the extractable amounts were rather low due to low total metal content, neutral to alkaline properties of the soils (4,17), and low CEC (Table 1), but important because they are phytoavailable.…”

“…The Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests showed statistically higher Cu levels in the oxidisable fraction of the combined orchard and apple row soil compared to control (P=0.01 and P=0.02, respectively), which is consistent with other studies (11)(12)(13)(14), confi rming that Cu is one of the least mobile metals in soils due to its strong sorption on and complexation with organic matter (4). With the exception of Zn in control samples, the correlations between oxidisable fractions of both metals and the respective recoverable fractions (sums of steps 1-3) were highly signifi cant (P=0.77 to 0.99).…”

“…Oreščanin et al (9) found a twofold increase in Cu content in vineyard soil compared to the background level, most of it in exchangeable form which highly correlated with Cu content in grapes, most likely due to absorption from soil. More and more authors claim to be able to predict copper phytotoxicity from extractable Cu concentrations in soils (10)(11)(12)(13)(14). A number of single and multi-step extraction protocols have been developed to estimate the fraction of a micronutrient or contaminant that is bioavailable in the short term (15,16).…”

Influência do uso do solo na ocorrência e diversidade de FMAs em Latossolo no Sul do Brasil

“…O G. mossae apresentou correlação negativa para o pH 6,3 na área de videira (Tabela 2). Nogueirol et al (2010) …”

Frações de cobre e zinco em solos de vinhedos no Meio Oeste de Santa Catarina

“…Em geral, normalmente as videiras são submetidas à aplicação de fungicidas que possuem Cu e Zn na sua composição para o controle preventivo de doenças fúngicas foliares (Mackie et al, 2012). Espera-se, portanto, ao longo dos anos, aumento do teor de Cu (Fernández-Calviño et al, 2008;Casali et al, 2008;Toselli et al, 2009;Fernández-Calviño et al, 2010;Nogueirol et al, 2010) e Zn no solo (Fernández-Calviño et al, 2012).…”