Sensing and Actuating Functions by Shape Memory Alloy Wires Integrated into Fiber Reinforced Plastics

Senf, Björn; Mader, Thomas F.; Sosa, Iñaki Navarro y de; Bucht, André; Knobloch, Marcus; Löpitz, David; Drossel, Welf‐Guntram

doi:10.1016/j.procir.2017.03.291

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The relative resistance of the loading and unloading cycles overlap for all cycles, except for the lowest few % strain. There is a bijective relation between resistance and strain, meaning that for each strain value, there is only one resistance value . Thanks to the fluidic nature of the liquid metal, strain sensors can be fabricated for which the dynamic behavior of the sensor is independent of the dynamics of the elastomeric encapsulant .…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diels–Alder Network Blends as Self-Healing Encapsulants for Liquid Metal-Based Stretchable Electronics

Sahraeeazartamar,

Terryn,

Sangma

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Two dynamic covalent networks based on the Diels−Alder reaction were blended to exploit the properties of the dissimilar polymer backbones. Furan-functionalized polyether amines based on poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) FD4000 and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) FS5000 were mixed in a common solvent and reversibly cross-linked with the same bismaleimide DPBM. The morphology of the phase-separated blends is primarily controlled by the concentration of backbones. Increasing the PDMS content of the blends results in a dilute droplet morphology at 25 wt %, with a growing size and concentration of droplets and the formation of two separate PPO-and PDMS-rich layers at 50 wt %. Further increasing the PDMS content to 75 wt % leads to larger droplets and a thicker layer of the secondary phase. The hydrophobic PDMS phase creates a barrier against water, while the more hydrophilic PPO phase enhances the resistance against oxygen diffusion. Lowering the maleimide-to-furan stoichiometric ratio resulted in a decrease in cross-link density and thus more flexible and stretchable encapsulants. Changes in the stoichiometric ratio also affected the phase morphology due to resulting changes in phase separation and network formation kinetics. Lowering the stoichiometric ratio also resulted in enhanced self-healing properties of 96% at room temperature as a consequence of the increased chain mobility in the blended networks. The self-healing blends were used to encapsulate liquid metal circuits to create stretchable strain sensors with a linear electro-mechanical response without much drift or hysteresis, which could be efficiently recovered by 90% after the damage-healing cycles.

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Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diels–Alder Network Blends as Self-Healing Encapsulants for Liquid Metal-Based Stretchable Electronics

Sahraeeazartamar,

Terryn,

Sangma

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…The plotting of conductivity values over a domain can clearly show the location of the damage. SMA wires have been used as strain sensors with low transformation temperature (−30 • C to +10 • C) [151]. The design of such adaptive hybrid composites with self-sensing lamina endeavor a high gauge factor in comparison to conventional strain gauges.…”

Section: Self-healingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on shape memory alloy reinforced polymer composite materials and structures

Bhaskar

Sharma

Bhattacharya

et al. 2020

Smart Mater. Struct.

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Imparting controllable flexural rigidity into a material system is one of the key motivations for the design of intelligent materials for structural applications. In this direction, shape memory alloy (SMA) reinforced polymer composites have enormous potentials for active shape and vibration control of systems related to aerospace, automobile, and energy harvesting applications. The primary motivation of reinforcing SMA wires into a composite is to actively change the composite stiffness or elasticity through thermo-mechanical as well as electrical/magnetic stimulation. The SMA -reinforced hybrid composites are found to be able to adapt their shape, which may also improve the specific strength, vibration damping, and self-healing capability by utilizing shape memory effect and pseudoelastic behavior of the SMA. In this paper, we intend to provide a comprehensive review of all SMA -reinforced composites available today in the open literature and a critical assessment of the technology. Currently, shape memory alloys in the form of long fibers (wires), ribbons, short fibers, and particles are used for hybridizing the reinforcements in composites. Continuous SMA fiber embedded composites are generally used for shape control of structures. However, it has difficulty in obtaining suitable interfacial characteristics required for actuation. The discontinuous SMA embedded composites have scope for modifying such active properties. The work presented here gives an overview of the concepts of design, development, and modeling of continuous and discontinuous shape memory alloy embedded composites for advanced smart composites.

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“…One option for adding more functionality to FRP profiles is the integration of sensors, actuators, or display elements, which are subsequently applied or inserted in the state of the art. The pultrusion process allows additional sensory fibers like Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) wires [9] or Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) [10] to be added directly in the process. These additional elements can be used for structural health monitoring.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual functionalization of fiber-reinforced profiles via pultrusion

Drebenstedt

Knobloch

Löpitz

et al. 2022

TLS

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Profile-based design is widely used because of its flexibility. A good possibility to increase the lightweight aspect can be the use of fiber reinforced profiles. These can be produced in a series suitable process - pultrusion. In this paper, the integration of functions in pultrusion profiles is focused. In one project, potential sensor concepts for robust condition monitoring of fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) profiles were developed to expand the range of applications significantly. One application could be the substitution of complex aluminum profiles by fiber reinforced profiles with the advantage like high lightweight potential and low thermal expansion. Another objective was the integration of sensors and light-emitting diodes (LED) directly into the pultrusion profile. The objective of a second research project was the integration, wiring and test of sensors into a curved roller ski profile to detect loads during training. Several types of sensors were investigated to evaluate the parameters accuracy, positioning, and wiring at the best economic efficiency. The focus of the research and development of both projects was the integration of functions into pultruded profiles made of FRP. Successfully integrated functionalizing elements include sensors for strain, lighting elements, and touch sensors as well as temperature and humidity modules. The objective of the research project “SmartSensSki” was the integration, wiring and test of sensors into a curved roller ski profile to detect loads during training. Several types of sensors were investigated to evaluate the parameters accuracy, positioning, and wiring at the best economic efficiency. The focus of the research and development of both projects was the integration of functions into pultruded profiles made of FRP. Successfully integrated functionalizing elements include sensors for strain, lighting elements, and touch sensors as well as temperature and humidity modules.

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Sensing and Actuating Functions by Shape Memory Alloy Wires Integrated into Fiber Reinforced Plastics

Cited by 14 publications

References 8 publications

Diels–Alder Network Blends as Self-Healing Encapsulants for Liquid Metal-Based Stretchable Electronics

Diels–Alder Network Blends as Self-Healing Encapsulants for Liquid Metal-Based Stretchable Electronics

A review on shape memory alloy reinforced polymer composite materials and structures

Individual functionalization of fiber-reinforced profiles via pultrusion

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