Self Reported Halitosis in Relation to Glycated Hemoglobin Level in Diabetic Patients

Abstract

Objective:This study was conducted to examine the relationship between the glycated hemoglobin level (HbA1c) and halitosis status among diabetic patients affected with periodontitis and to examine if there is a relationship between halitosis and different periodontal parameters. Methods and Materials:Consecutive type 2 diabetic patients were recruited from patients presented for treatment at a University hospital. Age, gender and smoking were recorded. A structured questionnaire on patients’ perception of their oral health, halitosis and diabetes severity and control was completed. Peripheral blood samples were obtained and analyzed for HbA1c levels. In addition, periodontal clinical parameters including probing depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing and plaque scores were recorded. Results:A total of 38 type 2 diabetic patients were selected. The mean age was 52.1 (±8.8) years. Sixteen subjects (42.1%) reported halitosis. Of these, 62.5% were females, and only one subject was a current smoker. The mean levels of HbA1c were significantly different between those with and without halitosis, mean 9.6 (±2) and 8.2 (±1.6), respectively (p=0.03). No significant differences were found in the mean periodontal parameters between those with and without halitosis. Conclusion:The results of this study suggest an association between halitosis and increased levels of HbA1c. Further studies are needed to explain the nature of this association.

Oral Health and Dental Care Related to Diabetes Status in Young Children

“…28 An association between an increased level of HbA1c with the presence of halitosis has been described. 12 Some authors have suggested breath acetone as a biomarker of poor metabolic control in children with diabetes, 11,12 since ketonic bodies are increased in uncontrolled patients. Our study corroborates the literature, as breath acetone and xerostomia were significantly increased in the uncontrolled children.…”

“…1,2,4 Regarding the oral manifestation of type 1 diabetes, the association between periodontal disease and diabetes is already well established in adults, [5][6][7][8][9] as well as the incidence of xerostomia 10 and breath acetone. 11,12 Diabetes-related parameters have been linked to periodontal problems in children 5,6,13 and also accelerated tooth eruption. 14 On the other hand, it is still controversial whether these parameters are associated with dental caries [15][16][17][18][19] and oral manifestations, such as geographic and coated tongue.…”

Probiotics: Evidence of Oral Health Implications

“…Certain diseases, such as diabetes and uremia, and medications could also contribute to bad breath. [59][60][61] Halitosis affects to various degrees key aspects of person's quality of life refl ecting in social relationships and emotional well-being. Treatment of halitosis is achievable once its etiology is properly diagnosed.…”

Halitosis

“…Genuine halitosis as opposed to pseudohalitosis must be assessed. In the case of genuine halitosis, evaluation should include a detailed history of oral malodor, triggers, duration, aggravating, and relieving factors (Akos et al 2012;Al-Zahrani et al 2011).…”