Self-knowledge of an amnesic patient: Toward a neuropsychology of personality and social psychology.

Klein, Stanley A.; Loftus, Judith; Kihlstrom, John F.

doi:10.1037/0096-3445.125.3.250

Cited by 220 publications

(223 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…Indeed, some amnesic patients "remember" that they cannot remember (Klein & Kihlstrom, 1998;Klein, Loftus, & Kihlstrom, 1996), so an interesting question is whether this self-knowledge of amnesia may modulate the processing approach used by amnesic patients confronted with an explicit recognition task or an indirect memory task.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implicit/explicit memory dissociation in Alzheimer's disease: The consequence of inappropriate processing?

2008

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Dual-process theories of recognition posit that perceptual fluency contributes to both familiaritybased explicit recognition and perceptual priming. However, the priming-without-recognition dissociation, as observed through the intact mere exposure effect and impaired recognition in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), might indicate that familiarity and perceptual priming are functionally distinct. This study investigated whether the AD patients' processing strategies at testing may explain this priming-without-recognition dissociation. Firstly, we replicated the priming-without-recognition effect in 16 patients who exhibited intact exposure effects despite null recognition. Secondly, we showed that, under identical conditions, inducing a holistic processing strategy during recognition testing increased AD patients' recognition -performance was similar for AD patients and healthy control participants. Furthermore, prompting analytic processing during both priming and recognition tasks decreased AD patients' performance in both tasks. These findings suggest that the extent to which AD patients use perceptual fluency in priming and recognition tasks is contingent on their processing approach. The choice of processing strategy may depend on how difficult patients perceive the task to be.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implicit/explicit memory dissociation in Alzheimer's disease: The consequence of inappropriate processing?

2008

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“…Interestingly in cases of amnesia following brain damage, knowledge from the conceptual self is often preserved while access to associated memories is lost (e.g. Klein, Loftus, & Kihlstrom, 1996; and see Conway & Fthenaki, 2000 for a review). Even more interestingly, some evidence indicates that the Conceptual Self cannot change once the ability to form new episodic memories is lost (cf.…”

Section: The Conceptual Selfmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Self and Autobiographical Memory: Correspondence and Coherence

Conway

Singer

Tagini³

2004

Social Cognition

734

646

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“…Fourth, there is a large literature on the use of memory in trait judgment, including many neuropsychological studies showing dissociations in retrieval of episodic and semantic trait knowledge (e.g., Damasio, Tranel, & Damasio, 1989;Klein, Loftus, & Kihlstrom, 1996;Tranel & Damasio, 1993;Tulving, 1993a). In humans, the decision rules that make trait judgments are known to access both the episodic and the semantic memory systems (see below).…”

Section: Why Trait Judgment?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Decisions and the evolution of memory: Multiple systems, multiple functions.

Klein

Cosmides

Tooby

et al. 2002

Psychological Review

Self Cite

397

372

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Memory evolved to supply useful, timely information to the organism's decision-making systems. Therefore, decision rules, multiple memory systems, and the search engines that link them should have coevolved to mesh in a coadapted, functionally interlocking way. This adaptationist perspective suggested the scope hypothesis: When a generalization is retrieved from semantic memory, episodic memories that are inconsistent with it should be retrieved in tandem to place boundary conditions on the scope of the generalization. Using a priming paradigm and a decision task involving person memory, the authors tested and confirmed this hypothesis. The results support the view that priming is an evolved adaptation. They further show that dissociations between memory systems are not-and should not be-absolute: Independence exists for some tasks but not others.Memory is a gift of nature, the ability of living organisms to retain and to utilize acquired information or knowledge. . . . Owners of biological memory systems are capable of behaving more appropriately at a later time because of their experiences at an earlier time, a feat not possible for organisms without memory. (Tulving, 1995a, p. 751) If there is one proposition on which all psychologists seem to agree, it is that memory is useful. Memory allows organisms to adjust their behavior on the basis of information they acquire ontogenetically, through their experiences with the world.This connection between personal experience, memory, and behavior implies a close relationship between learning and memory: "Memory in biological systems always entails learning (the acquisition of information) and . . . learning implies retention (memory) of such information" (Tulving, 1995a, p. 751). Recognizing this, psychologists have long exploited learning paradigms to study the properties of memory (e.g., by list learning to probe free recall, cued recall, and recognition).The same connection also implies a close relationship between decision rules 1 and memory. An organism cannot behave "more appropriately"-that is, more adaptively-at a later time because of experiences at an earlier time unless it is equipped with rules that use ontogenetically acquired information to make decisions. Indeed, memory systems must have evolved their structure in response to the informational needs of the decision rules guiding behavior. This is because memory properties that have no impact on an organism's decisions will not be visible to-and hence will not be shaped by-selection. Moreover, because decision rules often differ in what information they require, different sets of decision rules may activate different retrieval processes or search engines and may access different memory systems or sets of memory systems. Without engines that can search for and retrieve the right information, supplying it to the right decision rule at the right time, an organ designed to store ontogenetically acquired information-that is, a memory system-would be a pointless appendage. Hence, adaptive behavior over tim...

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Self-knowledge of an amnesic patient: Toward a neuropsychology of personality and social psychology.

Cited by 220 publications

References 107 publications

Implicit/explicit memory dissociation in Alzheimer's disease: The consequence of inappropriate processing?

Implicit/explicit memory dissociation in Alzheimer's disease: The consequence of inappropriate processing?

The Self and Autobiographical Memory: Correspondence and Coherence

Decisions and the evolution of memory: Multiple systems, multiple functions.

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