Self-assembly of bio-cellulose nanofibrils through intermediate phase in a cell-free enzyme system

Industrial-Scale Production and Applications of Bacterial Cellulose

“…The quantitative analysis reveals that the system produces BC with a higher yield than the corresponding bacteria (Ullah et al, 2015 ). Further study demonstrates that the cell-free enzyme system produces BC via an anaerobic biosynthesis process, and the premature BC pellicles formed in the culture media move to the air-liquid interface and assemble into a sheet (Kim et al, 2019 ).…”

Chemical Modification of Bacterial Cellulose for the Development of an Antibacterial Wound Dressing

“…Bacterial cellulose (BC) is one of the most studied natural polymers thanks to its unusual characteristics. This polymer is naturally produced by fermentation of various bacteria, although there are examples in the literature of self-assembly of BC through cell-free methodologies based on the use of in vitro enzymatic systems (Ullah et al, 2015;Kim et al, 2019). Among the different BC-producing strains, Gluconacetobacter xylinus (formerly Acetobacter xylinum) is the most commonly used due to its high polymer production yield and the wide range of carbon and nitrogen sources that it can utilize (Chawla et al, 2009).…”

Fabrication of Bacterial Cellulose-Curcumin Nanocomposite as a Novel Dressing for Partial Thickness Skin Burn

“…Recently, biopolymers have received immense consideration for biomedical applications. To this end, the use of bacterial cellulose (BC), produced by microbial cells ( Ullah et al, 2017 ) and cell-free systems ( Ullah et al, 2015 ; Kim et al, 2019 ), has received a growing interest as a biomaterial in various biomedical applications ( Klemm et al, 2001 ; Czaja et al, 2006 ; Khan et al, 2015a , b ; Hussain et al, 2019 ), specialty membrane ( Rajwade et al, 2015 ), biosensors ( Jasim et al, 2017 ; Farooq et al, 2020 ), and drug release ( Numata et al, 2015 ; Li et al, 2018 ). These applications utilize both pure BC and its composites with other materials, such as biopolymers including collagen ( Takeda et al, 2016 ), silk-sericin ( Lamboni et al, 2016 ), gelatin ( Khan et al, 2018 ), alginate ( Kirdponpattara et al, 2015 ), and chitosan ( Ul-Islam et al, 2019 ), and nanoparticles such as silver ( Maneerung et al, 2008 ), zinc ( Ul-Islam et al, 2014 ; Khalid et al, 2017a ), titanium dioxide ( Khan et al, 2015a , b ; Ullah et al, 2016a ; Khalid et al, 2017b ), and gold ( Khan et al, 2018 ), as well as clay materials such as pristine and modified montmorillonite ( Ul-Islam et al, 2013b ).…”