“…These include prophylaxis against influenza (vaccination) and pneumococcal infection (vaccination, penicillin in early childhood) [5], avoidance of exposure to cold water and weather [6], and malaria prophylaxis with bed nets and/or medications in parts of the world where it is endemic [7]. Evidence is mounting that tobacco smoke exposure (TSE), whether first-hand through primary smoking, or secondhand, is a common and important modifiable risk factor for pain [8,9,10], ACS [8,9,10,11,12], and lower airway obstruction [13,14] in children and adults with SCD. …”