Seasonal variations of immune parameters in diploid and triploid Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg)

Duchemin, Matthieu; Fournier, Michel; Auffret, Michel

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.12.030

Cited by 84 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…[31] or the phagocytic index, being the number of bacteria engulfed by each haemocyte, e.g. [32]. Indeed, when measuring phagocytosis there are many separate methodologies used, which include conventional methods of microscopic assessment or agarose plate assays [33], measuring the activity in vivo via endocytosis of ferritin e.g.…”

Section: Cellular Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[35] or measuring the uptake of fluorescent latex beads by flow cytometric analysis e.g. [32]. However, irrespective of the measure investigated or the method used, each approach aims to measure the same end point, which is the ability of haemocytes to phagocytose bacteria, and therefore these measures will be considered as one entity, phagocytic activity, and results will be compared irrespective of the method the study used.…”

Section: Cellular Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Immunological function in marine invertebrates: Responses to environmental perturbation

Ellis

Spicer

et al. 2011

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

207

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Section: Cellular Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cellular Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunological function in marine invertebrates: Responses to environmental perturbation

Ellis

Spicer

et al. 2011

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

207

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“…In both the farmed Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) [41] and field-collected New Zealand freshwater snails (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) [42], haemocyte concentration in the haemolymph of triploids is lower than in diploids. Similarly, nitroblue tetrazolium reaction and hypoferraemic response are reduced in triploid versus diploid goldfish (Carassius auratus) and salmon (Salmo salar), respectively [43,44].…”

Section: Direct Empirical Connectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is more better? Polyploidy and parasite resistance

2012

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Ploidy-level variation is common and can drastically affect organismal fitness. We focus on the potential consequences of this variation for parasite resistance. First, we elucidate connections between ploidy variation and key factors determining resistance, including allelic diversity, gene expression and physiological condition. We then argue that systems featuring both natural and artificially manipulated ploidy variation should be used to evaluate whether ploidy level influences host -parasite interactions.Keywords: polyploidy; host-parasite interactions; allelic diversity; gene expression; host condition 1. INTRODUCTION Polyploidization 1 has generated variation in ploidy level within and across species [1,2], and new examples are continually being discovered, particularly in animals [3]. Intraspecific ploidy-level variation is associated with a suite of connections between polyploidy and biological phenomena [4,5], and has the potential to influence fitness-related traits [6,7]. We discuss whether ploidy variation could mediate resistance to a ubiquitous enemy-parasites (defined here as an organism that harms its host). Although current theory suggests ploidy level can profoundly influence infection dynamics and host-parasite evolution [8,9], data are scarce [10,11]. PLOIDY AND IMMUNE FUNCTIONPolyploidy (i.e. autopolyploidy) could directly influence immune response to a parasite attack in at least two ways. Firstly, the addition of a new genome may increase allelic diversity. Higher allelic diversity at immune genes could help hosts recognize a greater diversity of parasites [12]. Secondly, if the additional genome copies are expressed, then polyploids may generate higher amounts of gene products related to immune function.(a) Allelic diversity and immune function The high allelic diversity of immune genes is partly a consequence of parasite-mediated selection for rare genotypes and/or novel immune functions [13]. Parasitemediated selection may generate such diversity through mechanisms such as heterozygote advantage [14] and negative frequency-dependence [13]. Heterozygote advantage could be influenced by ploidy level because the extra alleles present in polyploids may increase the probability of heterozygosity for an individual at a given locus. The presence of an extra genome could also increase the likelihood that an individual possesses a rare genotype at resistance loci; this would be advantageous if parasite-mediated negative frequency-dependent selection favours rare genotypes.Studies from natural populations have documented connections between parasite-mediated selection and the maintenance of allelic variation at genes associated with immune function [12,15]. Genetic polymorphism can play an important role in generating variation in recognition molecules [16], and diversity is important for disease resistance in host individuals and populations [17,18]. Furthermore, measures of genome-wide genetic variation (e.g. microsatellite heterozygosity [19,20]) are often correlated with individual immune ...

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“…These results were documented that sudden temperature elevation could cause a general decrease in size of haemocytes and a higher percentage of dead hyalinocytes than granulocytes in oyster Crassostrea virginica [10,13]. Spawning could induce a significant decrease in phagocytic activity of granulocytes in oyster Crassostrea gigas [14]. Additionally, infection with Vibrio tapetis could result in a reduction in viability, phagocytic activity, size and cytoplasmic granularity of granulocytes in clam Ruditapes philippinarum [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Development of a monoclonal antibody specific to granulocytes and its application for variation of granulocytes in scallop Chlamys farreri after acute viral necrobiotic virus (AVNV) infection

Lin¹,

Xing²,

Sheng³

et al. 2011

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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Seasonal variations of immune parameters in diploid and triploid Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg)

Cited by 84 publications

References 45 publications

Immunological function in marine invertebrates: Responses to environmental perturbation

Immunological function in marine invertebrates: Responses to environmental perturbation

Is more better? Polyploidy and parasite resistance

Development of a monoclonal antibody specific to granulocytes and its application for variation of granulocytes in scallop Chlamys farreri after acute viral necrobiotic virus (AVNV) infection

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