Abstract-This paper presents a nonlinear optimal direct torque control (DTC) scheme of interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs) based on an offline approximation approach for electric vehicle (EV) applications. First, the DTC problem is reformulated in the stationary reference frame in order to avoid estimating the stator flux angle, which the previous DTC schemes in the rotating stator reference frame require. Thus, the proposed DTC method eliminates the Park's transformation and consequently it reduces the computational efforts. Particularly, since the estimated stator flux angle is not accurate in low speed range, the proposed method that does not need this information can significantly improve the control performance. Moreover, a nonlinear optimal DTC algorithm is proposed to deal with the nonlinearity of the IPMSM drive system. In this paper, a simple offline θ-D approximation technique is utilized to appropriately determine the controller gains. Via an IPMSM test-bed with a TI TMS320F28335 DSP, the experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed DTC method by accomplishing better control performances (e.g., more stable in low speed region, much smaller speed and torque ripples, and faster dynamic responses) compared to the conventional proportionalintegral (PI) DTC scheme under various scenarios with the existence of parameter uncertainties.
Index Terms-Direct torque control (DTC), electric vehicle (EV), interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM), nonlinear optimal control.
I. INTRODUCTIONElectric vehicles (EVs) were invented about two centuries ago. However, the utilization of EVs was stopped in the following century because of both economic and technical aspects such as high cost, capacity shortage of battery, and speed limitation. Recently, the study on the EVs has warmed up as the environmental problems associated with internal combustion engine (ICE) based vehicles become more and more serious. Nowadays, with a fast evolution of battery technology, the eco-friendly EVs become a promising Manuscript received March 11, 2015; accepted April 17, 2015. This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) under Grant 2012R1A2A2A01045312 funded by the Korea government (MSIP, Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning).The authors are with the Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Korea (e-mail: jinwjung@dongguk.edu).alternative to replace the ICE based vehicles [1]- [4].In EVs, the propulsion system uses an electric motor instead of an ICE in conventional vehicles. There are two main types of electric motors widely utilized in the EVs: induction motor (IM) [5]- [7] and interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) [8]- [10]. In traction applications, the IPMSM is preferable to the IM [11], [12] due to its high efficiency and reliability, high power factor and power density, and high torque to inertia ratio. In addition to these advantages, the invention of highperformance magnets makes the IPMS...