Screening for tetracycline residues in food products of animal origin in the State of Kuwait using Charm II radio-immunoassay and LC/MS/MS methods

Abstract

This study surveyed tetracycline residues in foods marketed in Kuwait using various techniques to determine their prevalence above the threshold level. A total of 1517 locally produced and imported food samples of animal origin were collected for analyses, comprising dairy products, eggs and tissue samples (meat, poultry and fish) to give a representative picture of the current use and/or misuse of the drug in Kuwait. Screening was carried out using the Charm II test for tetracycline residues. Positive and suspect positive samples were confirmed by LC/MS/MS. Negative and positive controls, in triplicate, were applied to each method and showed 80-100% agreement. The results showed that 100% of tested eggs, meat, fish, ice cream and cheese were within the limit, while 5% of poultry and 18% of milk samples were above the permitted limit.

Methods for the separation, preconcentration, and determination of tetracycline antibiotics

“…HPLC makes it possible to determine tetracycline at a level of hundredths of μg/mL. Food products and feed IC [46] Meat HPLC [15], [19], [21][22][23], [27], [51] SP [85] IC [16][17][18], [20], [27] VA [24], [31] SP [85] Environmental samples VA [24] Water HPLC [72], [86], [89], [93], [94], [100], [ Eggs HPLC [27], [32], [53], [68], [134] FL [117], [119], [156] IC [18], [27] …”

“…Liquid extraction from solid matrices seems the most common method for the separation of tetracy clines from the solid samples of food products. This method is used for the extraction of tetracycline anti biotics from meat [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27], fish [27][28][29][30][31], eggs [18,27,32], and honey [33][34][35][36][37][38][39], and it is performed as follows: A weighed portion of a thoroughly ground solid sam ple is placed in a vessel for agitation, and a selected sol vent is added; the contents are stirred for a specified time (from several minutes to several hours). The phases are separated by filtration.…”

“…Phosphate [16-18, 33, 38], citrate [19,29,33], hexamethylene tetramine [39], oxalate [20], and succinate [21,32] buffer solu tions and also the McIlvaine buffer solution [15,[34][35][36][37] are most frequently used as solvents. Furthermore, 5% trichloroacetic acid [23], a mixture of acetonitrile with a citrate buffer [28] and the McIlvaine buffer solution (60 : 40) [24,31], and the mixtures of metha nol with water (70 : 30) [30] and with 0.1 M succinic acid (50 : 50) [22,27] or acetonitrile are used [25,26]. For the intensification of sample preparation, liquid extraction from liquid and solid matrices is performed in an ultrasonic bath [19, 22-24, 29, 32, 38] for 5-30 min.…”

“…The number of works regarding the determination of tetracycline antibiotics by the HPLC with a mass spectrometric detector noticeably increased [15,21,27,32,35,69,100,105,106,112,114].…”

Determination of Tetracyclines in Milk by Graphene-Based Solid-Phase Extraction and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

“…For determination of tetracyclines in biological samples, the first step is to purify the low concentrations of analytes in the samples. Among the reported methods, liquid-liquid extraction (Adrian et al 2012;Gao et al 2013), solid phase extraction (SPE) (Cinquina et al 2003;Cherlet et al 2003;Furusawa 2003;Spisso et al 2007;Gaugain-Juhel et al 2009;Al-Mazeedi et al 2010;Capriotti et al 2012), and molecularly imprinted polymers (Jing et al 2009(Jing et al , 2010Dai et al 2012;Lv et al 2012) are commonly used purification approaches.…”