Scale formation in flash chambers of high-temperature MSF distillers

Din, A.M. Shams El; El-Dahshan, M.E.; Mohammed, R.A.

doi:10.1016/j.desal.2004.09.030

Cited by 44 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…An important caveat in considering the data displayed in Figure 23.6 is that calcium sulfate is invariably coprecipitated in thermal desalination processes [16]. Calcium sulfate does not normally precipitate in a pure phase.…”

Section: Hard Scaledcalcium Sulfate and Magnesium Hydroxidementioning

confidence: 99%

“…As composite materials are frequently deposited in a complex historical process [16], their hardness and density will not correlate in a simple fashion with their composition. As composite materials are frequently deposited in a complex historical process [16], their hardness and density will not correlate in a simple fashion with their composition.…”

Section: Scale Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While there is experimental evidence suggesting that this coprecipitation is primarily with magnesium hydroxide [16], the coprecipitation of calcium sulfate and calcium carbonate has been more extensively investigated [43e45]. While there is experimental evidence suggesting that this coprecipitation is primarily with magnesium hydroxide [16], the coprecipitation of calcium sulfate and calcium carbonate has been more extensively investigated [43e45].…”

Section: Hard Scaledcalcium Sulfate and Magnesium Hydroxidementioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal Desalination

Fellows

Al-Hamzah²

2015

Mineral Scales and Deposits

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Section: Hard Scaledcalcium Sulfate and Magnesium Hydroxidementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Scale Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hard Scaledcalcium Sulfate and Magnesium Hydroxidementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Thermal Desalination

Fellows

Al-Hamzah²

2015

Mineral Scales and Deposits

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“…In order to account for the scaling potential of the main salts considered, i.e., CaCO 3 , CaSO 4 and Mg(OH) 2 , preliminary experiments were carried out. In these experiments, the time of duration was 48 h while a fluid velocity of 0.25 m/s was used.…”

Section: The Scaling Potential Of the Various Saltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From a practical point of view, the main constituents forming scale in sea water environments are calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate and magnesium hydroxide. A significant amount of research work has appeared in the literature concerning calcium carbonate scale [3][4][5]. However, in contrast, there are only a limited number of calcium sulfate studies reported [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Affecting Scale Formation in Sea Water Environments – An Experimental Approach

Al-Ahmad

2007

Chem Eng & Technol

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Sea water is a complex aqueous environment with a large tendency for scale formation, which is usually ascribed to scaling from dissolved salts and suspended particles. Scale formation is causing many problems in thermal processes such as desalination and steam generation plants. In a typical desalination plant, ca. 40 % of the heat transfer area is provided to allow for scale formation problems, which is equivalent to a ca. 10 % increase of the whole capital cost of the plant. The main constituents forming scale in sea water environments, i.e., calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate and magnesium hydroxide, are extensively investigated in the present work. In order to obtain a better understanding of the scaling tendency of the seawater environment, an experimental unit was precisely designed and coupled with a data acquisition system for continuous monitoring of the investigated parameters. Significant factors affecting scale formation such as concentration of salts, flow velocity, water temperature and pH of the environments were studied at length using mild steel and stainless steel (smooth and rough). Hydrodynamic parameters such as Reynolds number and shear stress were used in the analysis of the collected data and revealed the role of shear stress in the effective removal of scale. The Kern-Seaton scale model was used to calculate the fouling resistance in each case and the values obtained were compared with the experimental results. A modification of this model was also undertaken to provide better agreement with experimental findings.

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Alkaline Earth Metals

2016

Hydrolysis of Metal Ions

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Scale formation in flash chambers of high-temperature MSF distillers

Cited by 44 publications

References 33 publications

Thermal Desalination

Thermal Desalination

Factors Affecting Scale Formation in Sea Water Environments – An Experimental Approach

Alkaline Earth Metals

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