Saponins of the extracts of Galium aparine and Galium verum

Abstract

Aim. To determine the qualitative composition and the quantitative content of saponins in the liquid extracts of the herb of cleavers (Galium aparine L.) and lady's bedstraw (Galium verum L.). Materials and methods. Extracts of the herb of cleavers and lady's bedstraw were obtained by the triple extraction of the raw material with 96 % ethanol when heating with the subsequent concentration of the combined extracts to the ratio of the raw material : the finished product of 1 : 1. Saponins were studied by the method of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results and discussion. As a result of the chromatographic study of extracts of the herb of cleavers and lady's bedstraw it has been found that they contain 6 and 7 saponins, respectively. The compounds belong to ursane (ursolic, euscaphic, tormentic acids and uvaol), oleanane (oleanolic acid) and lupane (betulin and lupeol) type. In the extract from the herb of cleavers the compounds of ursane derivatives (50 mg/ml) prevail, the dominant compound is euscaphic acid (3.34 mg/ml); in the extract from the herb of lady's bedstraw there are saponins of lupane derivatives (2.50 mg/ml), lupeol (1.60 mg/ml) is predominant. Conclusions. The results obtained indicate the prospects for further in-depth study of the chemical composition and biological activity of the liquid extracts from the herb of cleavers and lady's bedstraw.

Phytochemical Profiles and In Vitro Immunomodulatory Activity of Ethanolic Extracts from Galium aparine L.

“…Extensive research on the phytochemical composition of G. aparine showed that cleavers herb contains iridoids: asperulosidic acid and 10-deacetylasperulosidic acid [14], monotropein, asperuloside, acumine and aucubin [15]; alkaloids: protopine, harmine, (±)-vasicinone, (−)-l-hydroxypeganine and (−)-8-hydroxy-2,3-dihydrodesoxypeganine [16]; phenolcarbonic and hydroxycinnamic acids: chlorogenic, caffeic, n-coumaric, ferulic, caftaric and gentisic [17,18]; flavonoids: quercetin, dihydroquercetin, rutin, hyperosid, isoquercetrin, kaempferol, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside (astragalin), epicatechin, neohesperidin, luteolin, luteolin-7-O-diglucoside and apigenin [18][19][20][21]; cholesterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol, ∆-[5]-avenasterol, ∆-[7]-stigmasterol and ∆-[7]-avenasterol [21][22][23]. According to our previous studies triterpenoids (oleanolic, ursolic, euscaphic and tormentic acids, betulin and lupeol), sesquiterpenoids, squalene, aromatic compounds and higher alkanes, and their derivatives fatty acids, chlorophylls, and carotenoids were identified in extracts of cleavers herb [24,25].The extract from the herb of G. aparine is one of the ingredients of some galenic remedies and dietary supplement that are recommended as immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and for detoxication, as well as for the improvement of the functioning of the lymphatic and blood circulatory systems and a drainage drug, based on the activation of the immune system and normalization of impaired functions.In the ethnopharmacology of many countries, the herb of G. aparine is used for treatment of skin diseases [26][27][28].In the literature several biological activities of G. aparine are reported. Previous studies confirmed antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-cancer effects of different extracts from this plant material [18,25,29].…”

“…Extensive research on the phytochemical composition of G. aparine showed that cleavers herb contains iridoids: asperulosidic acid and 10-deacetylasperulosidic acid [14], monotropein, asperuloside, acumine and aucubin [15]; alkaloids: protopine, harmine, (±)-vasicinone, (−)-l-hydroxypeganine and (−)-8-hydroxy-2,3-dihydrodesoxypeganine [16]; phenolcarbonic and hydroxycinnamic acids: chlorogenic, caffeic, n-coumaric, ferulic, caftaric and gentisic [17,18]; flavonoids: quercetin, dihydroquercetin, rutin, hyperosid, isoquercetrin, kaempferol, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside (astragalin), epicatechin, neohesperidin, luteolin, luteolin-7-O-diglucoside and apigenin [18][19][20][21]; cholesterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol, ∆-[5]-avenasterol, ∆-[7]-stigmasterol and ∆-[7]-avenasterol [21][22][23]. According to our previous studies triterpenoids (oleanolic, ursolic, euscaphic and tormentic acids, betulin and lupeol), sesquiterpenoids, squalene, aromatic compounds and higher alkanes, and their derivatives fatty acids, chlorophylls, and carotenoids were identified in extracts of cleavers herb [24,25].…”

Phytochemical study of Salvia grandiflora and Salvia officinalis leaves for establishing prospects for use in medical and pharmaceutical practice

“…The identification of the components was carried out by the retention time and the compliance of the UV spectra with the substance standards. The spectra of triterpene saponins have a maximum absorption at (200-210) nm, so detection of this group of compounds was carried out at 205 nm [24,25].…”

Prospects of creating a new medicine based on biologically active substances of bearberry leaves for correction of the metabolic syndrome

“…Ідентифікацію компонентів проводили за часом утримування і за відповідністю УФ-спектрів досліджуваних речовин речовинам стандартів. Спектри тритерпенових сапонінів мають максимум поглинання за 200-210 нм, тому детектування цієї групи сполук проводили за 205 нм [19,20].…”