Sanitizing agents for virus inactivation and disinfection

Lin, Qunying; Lim, Jason Y. C.; Ke-min, Xue; Yew, Pek Yin Michelle; Owh, Cally; Chee, Pei Lin; Loh, Xian Jun

doi:10.1002/viw2.16

Cited by 184 publications

(197 citation statements)

References 228 publications

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“…The virucidal e cacies would be expected 22 to apply also to other emerging enveloped viruses, such as Ebola virus 62,63 , Lassa virus, Nipah virus, and in uenza viruses such as the recently emerging G4 genotype H1N1 swine in uenza virus 64 and the variant in uenza viruses (H1N1v, H3N2v, H1N2v) in humans 65 . The latter expectation is supported by our own unpublished data on in uenza strains and by a recent literature review 59 . These are important conclusions, given that there is a likelihood of emergence of novel coronaviruses and other enveloped viruses in the future.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…Our e cacy data presented herein con rm this, and indicate that the virucidal activities are approximately equivalent for a variety of alpha-and beta-coronaviruses. In addition, reviews and empirical reports of the e cacy of microbicides against SARS-CoV-2 10,21,46,47 and other coronaviruses 23,42,[44][45][46][47]59 have con rmed the expected virucidal e cacy of a variety of microbicides against these viruses in surface disinfection studies. E cacy of microbicides tested in suspension studies has been discussed in recent reviews and empirical reports of the e cacy of microbicides against SARS-CoV-2 10,14,21,47 and other coronaviruses 42,44,46,47,59,60 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microbicidal actives with virucidal efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and other beta- and alpha-coronaviruses: implications for future emerging coronaviruses and other enveloped viruses

Ijaz

Nims²,

Zhou³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Mitigating the risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 or other coronaviruses requires awareness of the survival of virus on high-touch environmental surfaces (HITES) and skin, and frequent use of targeted microbicides with virucidal efficacy. We evaluated the efficacies of formulated microbicidal actives against alpha- and beta-coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2.Infectious coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2, human coronavirus 229E, bovine coronavirus, murine hepatitis virus-1, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, were deposited on prototypic HITES or spiked into liquid matrices along with organic soil loads. Alcohol-, quaternary ammonium compound-, hydrochloric acid-, organic acid-, p-chloro-m-xylenol-, and sodium hypochlorite-based microbicidal formulations were evaluated per global standardized ASTM International and EN methodologies. All evaluated formulated microbicides inactivated SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses in suspension or on prototypic HITES. Virucidal efficacies ( ≥3 to ≥6 log10 reduction) were displayed within 30 s to 5 min. Coronaviruses, like other lipid-enveloped viruses, are susceptible to commonly used microbicides. We confirmed the virucidal efficacy of a variety of commercially available formulated microbicides against SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses. These formulated microbicidal actives should be useful for targeted surface and hand hygiene and disinfection of liquids, as part of infection prevention and control for SARS-CoV-2 and other emerging enveloped viruses.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbicidal actives with virucidal efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and other beta- and alpha-coronaviruses: implications for future emerging coronaviruses and other enveloped viruses

Ijaz

Nims²,

Zhou³

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…SARS-CoV-2 can persist on inanimate materials for hours to days but can be inactivated by a 0.1% solution of NaOCl [ 38 ]. The effectiveness of NaOCl to disinfect several viruses, including Ebola virus, Norwalk virus, murine norovirus, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has also been reported [ 40 ]. Enveloped viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, are inactivated by NaOCl due to its interaction with the viral outer lipid envelope [ 41 ].…”

Section: Hypochlorous Acid a Widely Used Disinfectantmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surviving Reactive Chlorine Stress: Responses of Gram-Negative Bacteria to Hypochlorous Acid

2020

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Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and its active ingredient, hypochlorous acid (HOCl), are the most commonly used chlorine-based disinfectants. HOCl is a fast-acting and potent antimicrobial agent that interacts with several biomolecules, such as sulfur-containing amino acids, lipids, nucleic acids, and membrane components, causing severe cellular damage. It is also produced by the immune system as a first-line of defense against invading pathogens. In this review, we summarize the adaptive responses of Gram-negative bacteria to HOCl-induced stress and highlight the role of chaperone holdases (Hsp33, RidA, Cnox, and polyP) as an immediate response to HOCl stress. We also describe the three identified transcriptional regulators (HypT, RclR, and NemR) that specifically respond to HOCl. Besides the activation of chaperones and transcriptional regulators, the formation of biofilms has been described as an important adaptive response to several stressors, including HOCl. Although the knowledge on the molecular mechanisms involved in HOCl biofilm stimulation is limited, studies have shown that HOCl induces the formation of biofilms by causing conformational changes in membrane properties, overproducing the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix, and increasing the intracellular concentration of cyclic-di-GMP. In addition, acquisition and expression of antibiotic resistance genes, secretion of virulence factors and induction of the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state has also been described as an adaptive response to HOCl. In general, the knowledge of how bacteria respond to HOCl stress has increased over time; however, the molecular mechanisms involved in this stress response is still in its infancy. A better understanding of these mechanisms could help understand host-pathogen interactions and target specific genes and molecules to control bacterial spread and colonization.

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“…Different international entities and scientists have warned about the potential impacts of excessive, inappropriate, and outdoor use of disinfectants [ 68 , 69 ]. This practice not only has little or no effect on open space surfaces but also increases the accumulation and distribution of these substances in the environment [ 68 ]. In this way, it could have more negative consequences than benefits in a scenario where good decisions are fundamental to face this pandemic in the best way [ 70 ].…”

Section: Impact Of Ecosystems By the Use Of Chlorinementioning

confidence: 99%

Considerations on water quality and the use of chlorine in times of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic in the community

García-Ávila

Valdiviezo-Gonzáles

Cadme-Galabay

et al. 2020

Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering

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This review goal is to reflect on the challenges and prospects for water quality in the face of the pandemic caused by the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19). Based on the information available so far, the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater has raised interest in using it as an early warning method, to detect the resurgence of infections and to report the risk associated with contracting SARS-CoV-2 in contact with untreated water or inadequately treated wastewater is discharged. The wastewater-based epidemiological approach can be used as an early indicator of infection within a specific population. On the other hand, it is necessary to collect information from the managers of drinking water supply companies and professionals who are related to water quality, to know SARS-CoV-2 data and information, and its influence on drinking water quality. The basic purpose of this review article is to try to provide a valuable and quick reference guide to COVID-19. Important topics were discussed, such as detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater in various parts of the world; wastewater screening to monitor COVID-19; persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in aquatic systems; the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in drinking water; clean water as a mechanism to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic; chlorine as a disinfectant to eliminate SARS-CoV-2 and damage to ecosystems by the use of chlorine. Currently does not exist extensive literature on the effectiveness of water and wastewater treatment processes that ensure the correct elimination of SARS-CoV-2. Excessive use of disinfectants such as chlorine is causing effects on the environment. This document highlights the need for further research to establish the behavior of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in aquatic systems. This study presents an early overview of the observed and potential impacts of COVID-19 on the environment.

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Sanitizing agents for virus inactivation and disinfection

Cited by 184 publications

References 228 publications

Microbicidal actives with virucidal efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and other beta- and alpha-coronaviruses: implications for future emerging coronaviruses and other enveloped viruses

Microbicidal actives with virucidal efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and other beta- and alpha-coronaviruses: implications for future emerging coronaviruses and other enveloped viruses

Surviving Reactive Chlorine Stress: Responses of Gram-Negative Bacteria to Hypochlorous Acid

Considerations on water quality and the use of chlorine in times of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic in the community

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