Sand Barriers around Latrine Pits Reduce Fecal Bacterial Leaching into Shallow Groundwater: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Coastal Bangladesh

Naser, Abu Mohd; Doza, Solaiman; Rahman, Mahbubur; Ahmed, Kazi Matin; Gazi, Mohammed Shahid; Alam, Gazi Raisul; Karim, Md. Rabiul; Khan, Golam Kibria; Uddin, Mohammed Nasir; Mahmud, Mohammed Ilias; Ercümen, Ayşe; Rosenbaum, Julia; Annis, Jonathan; Luby, Stephen P.; Unicomb, Leanne; Clasen, Thomas

doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b04950

Cited by 10 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Similarly, MAR source ponds had increased fecal load during the wet months, but the MAR systems successfully retained water with no to low risk fecal contamination. Shallow aquifers (<50 meters) often have low-level fecal contamination due to proximity to contamination sources such as pit latrines or intrusion from highly contaminated surface water bodies 27 . But the MAR systems were constructed at a safe distance from latrines and in areas with confined aquifers that had a top clay layer 14, 21 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiological water quality of Managed Aquifer Recharge systems in the salinity-prone southwest coastal Bangladesh

Doza

Naser

Rahman

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Managed aquifer recharge (MAR), a hydro-geological intervention designed to dilute groundwater salinity, pumps pond water treated through a slow sand filter into the underground aquifers. We evaluated the microbiological safety of the resulting MAR water at sites from three districts in southwest coastal Bangladesh. We collected monthly paired pond-MAR water samples from July 2016-June 2017 and enumerated fecal coliforms and E. coli using the IDEXX quanti-tray technique, by the most probable number (MPN) method. We used WHO risk categories for microbiological quality; no risk (<1 MPN), low risk (1-10 MPN) and moderate to high risk (>10 MPN per 100 mL water). We estimated the difference in mean log10 MPN in pond and MAR water using linear mixed effect models with random intercepts and cluster adjusted robust standard error. Almost all pond water samples (292/299, 98%) had moderate-to high-risk level (>10 MPN) fecal coliforms and E. coli (283/299, 95%). In contrast, 81% (242/300) of MAR water samples had no or low risk level fecal coliforms (0-10 MPN), of which 60% (179/300) had no fecal coliforms. We detected no or low risk level E. coli in 94% (283/300) of MAR water samples of these 80% (240/300) had no E. coli. MAR samples had lower mean log10 MPN fecal coliforms (-2.37; 95% CI: -2.56, -2.19) and E. coli (-2.26; 95% CI: -2.43, -2.09) than pond water; microbial reductions remained consistent during the wet (May-October) and dry seasons. MAR-systems provided water with reduced fecal indicator bacteria compared to infiltered pond water.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiological water quality of Managed Aquifer Recharge systems in the salinity-prone southwest coastal Bangladesh

Doza

Naser

Rahman

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…A study by [12] reported that River Cauvery in India was loaded with coliform bacteria attributable to raw sewage. In a related study, high concentration microbes in drinking water sources located in close proximity to pit latrines (<20 m) were reported [13]. Additionally, construction Journal of Water Resource and Protection of residential houses in proximity or upstream to drinking water sources poses a threat to water contamination through leaching of contaminants.…”

Section: Characterization Of Drinking Water Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Analysis of Bacteriological Quality of Domestic Water Sources in Kabale Municipality, Western Uganda

Saturday¹,

Runyonyozi²

2019

JWARP

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In the present study, we assessed the bacteriological quality of water of drinking water sources in Kabale Municipality. A total of 28 water samples were collected from 14 water springs during the dry and wet season and analyzed for determination of Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (THB) using the membrane filtration method. Most water springs located in less than 20 meters away from residential areas were associated with bacterial contamination. The mean concentrations of E. coli, total coliforms, and THB were 24.07 CFU/100 ml, 85.71 CFU/100 ml, and 197.07 CFU/100 ml, respectively in the wet season. While in the dry season, the mean concentrations were 2 CFU/100 ml, 10 CFU/100 ml, and 91 CFU/100 ml for E. coli, total coliforms, and THB, respectively. There were significant differences between CFU of total coliforms, HTB, between wet and dry seasons (p = 0.026). Samples collected and analyzed during the wet season for total coliforms did not conform to WHO drinking water quality guideline value of no detection per 100 ml. The study concludes that the majority of spring water sources are located in less than 20 meters away from residential areas with significant paved areas, the presence of septic tanks and pit latrines. Wet season significantly affects the quality of domestic water sources than the dry season. The study recommends that spring water should be treated before drinking due to high bacteria concentrations which makes it unsafe for consumption.

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“…This is an eco-friendly and cost-effective way to line toilets in emergency situations. Naser et al (2019) reported a reduction of 27% E. coli and 24% thermotolerant coliform mean counts in pit latrines using a 50-cm thick sand barrier in coastal Bangladesh. Similarly, Banerjee (2011) demonstrated that clay enveloped around a leach pit toilet arrests the movement of chemical and bacteriological pollutants to a considerable extent.…”

Section: Pit Latrine Linersmentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ treatment technologies for pit latrines to mitigate groundwater contamination by fecal pathogens: a review of recent technical advances

Saxena

Den

2021

Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development

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On-site sanitation systems such as pit latrines are extensively used around the world, while there is a growing number of evidence documenting the impact of pit latrines on groundwater quality that may affect human health. Hence, this paper summarizes the various safe-sanitation technologies by broadly categorizing them into fecal pathogen disinfection methods (anaerobic digestion, chemical disinfection, biological additives, solar pasteurization and vermicomposting) and capturing methods (pit lining and permeable reactive barriers, the latter of which simultaneously capture and sanitize fecal sludge in pit latrines). While some of the reviewed technologies have been widely practiced for mitigating microbial contamination of the groundwater, others are still in the early stage of commercialization and field validation. Though there are challenges to the selection and adoption of the most appropriate technology, this paper discusses the readiness of each technology as a stand-alone fecal sludge management solution.

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Sand Barriers around Latrine Pits Reduce Fecal Bacterial Leaching into Shallow Groundwater: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Coastal Bangladesh

Cited by 10 publications

References 26 publications

Microbiological water quality of Managed Aquifer Recharge systems in the salinity-prone southwest coastal Bangladesh

Microbiological water quality of Managed Aquifer Recharge systems in the salinity-prone southwest coastal Bangladesh

Analysis of Bacteriological Quality of Domestic Water Sources in Kabale Municipality, Western Uganda

In situ treatment technologies for pit latrines to mitigate groundwater contamination by fecal pathogens: a review of recent technical advances

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