Sampling Dermal Interstitial Fluid Using Microneedles: A Review of Recent Developments in Sampling Methods and Microneedle‐Based Biosensors

Abstract

Interstitial fluid is recognized as an important source of biomarkers; however, it is difficult and time-consuming to extract, thus limiting its use in medical diagnostic and clinical settings. Microneedles are minimally invasive devices that have gained extensive interest over recent decades. Microneedles can address some of the challenges associated with ISF extraction and sensing.

Recent progress in PLGA-based microneedle-mediated transdermal drug and vaccine delivery

“…Over the last few years, MNs have attracted much interest from the medical, biological, disease treatment and pharmaceutical areas. 122,123 Polymeric MNs, in particular, provide a drug delivery system with better local drug permeation and bioavailability. These advantages enable them to be used in various medication delivery systems.…”

Smart sensing flexible sutures for glucose monitoring in house sparrows

“…Compared to microneedles, which would be an alternate approach, there will be less motion artifact and no chance for it to be displaced or peeled off from the body. 32,33 Different animals have different skin thicknesses, and birds have relatively thin skin compared to mammals (humans, mice, etc .). Therefore, microneedles could penetrate through all the bird's skin layers, eliminating the non-invasiveness aspect of microneedles.…”

An efficient biosensor using a functionalized microneedle of Cu2O-based CoCu-LDH for glucose detection

“…6–8 Thus, electrochemical sensors have received wide attention due to some advantages of rapid detection, low cost, simplicity, environmental friendliness, high sensitivity, fast response time and good selectivity. 9–11…”

“…[6][7][8] Thus, electrochemical sensors have received wide attention due to some advantages of rapid detection, low cost, simplicity, environmental friendliness, high sensitivity, fast response time and good selectivity. [9][10][11] The electrochemical sensors are mainly based on enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms of action. 12,13 Loading enzymes on the electrode for blood glucose monitoring is widely used because of inherent selectivity and sensitivity, but some deciencies of poor stability, high fabrication cost and complex process of enzyme immobilization are very difficult to overcome.…”