Interstitial fluid is recognized as an important source of biomarkers; however, it is difficult and time-consuming to extract, thus limiting its use in medical diagnostic and clinical settings. Microneedles are minimally invasive devices that have gained extensive interest over recent decades. Microneedles can address some of the challenges associated with ISF extraction and sensing.

Poliomyelitis has been eliminated from all countries of the world except Pakistan and Afghanistan. One of the major reasons is the stigmas associated with the polio vaccine that has been repetitively discussed in literature, and governments of both the countries are already making serious efforts to control this public health challenge, but till this moment, the state officials have not introduced any surveillance strategy for the security of polio workers in National Emergency Action Plan (NEAP) for Polio Eradication. This report highlights the issue of targeted killing and terrorism attacks on polio vaccinators in Pakistan and also devises a surveillance strategy to provide security to polio workers at immediate possible because the current chaos in Afghanistan will ultimately lead to more terrorist attacks on polio vaccinators.

No abstract