Sampling and Sample Preparation for Clinical and Pharmaceutical Analysis

Methods for Isolating, Identifying, and Quantifying Anthocyanin Metabolites in Clinical Samples

“…SPE is often the preferred extraction method when utilizing HPLC-MS/MS as it removes salts that may affect ionization . It should be noted however that dilution, acidification, and syringe filtration, − protein precipitation, − ,, and liquid–liquid extraction , are also often commonly used techniques in the analysis of polyphenols. − These methods were also initially and exhaustively explored; however, due to issues with poor recovery, extremely high variability (inter- and intraextraction), and insufficient chromatographic resolution of some analytes (data not shown), they were abandoned in favor of SPE.…”

Recent progress in solid-phase microextraction and its pharmaceutical and biomedical applications

“…Therefore, sample preparation methods are usually required to extract, isolate, fractionate, and/or concentrate the target analytes from the complex matrices. [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] These steps are both time-consuming and labor-intensive, and may greatly inuence the reliable and accurate analysis of these materials. Thus, sample preparation has been regarded as a bottleneck in the development of sensitive, selective and precise analytical methods, especially when analyzing trace components in complex biological samples, such as blood, urine, 30 saliva, [31][32][33][34] hair, [35][36][37][38] and breath.…”

“…Thus, sample preparation has been regarded as a bottleneck in the development of sensitive, selective and precise analytical methods, especially when analyzing trace components in complex biological samples, such as blood, urine, 30 saliva, [31][32][33][34] hair, [35][36][37][38] and breath. [39][40][41] Sample preparation strategies include the exhaustive or non-exhaustive extraction of analytes from matrices for biomedical 22,[42][43][44][45][46] and forensic analyses. 28,[46][47][48][49] Although liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid phase extraction (SPE) are widely used, these techniques are limited in applications to, for example, complex matrices and in vivo assays, as well as for the determination of matrix-bound and free concentrations of analytes.…”

An Overview of Herbal Nutraceuticals, Their Extraction, Formulation, Therapeutic Effects and Potential Toxicity

“…Another advantage when compared with the conventional heating process is its energy efficiency. The disadvantages are that it is not appropriate for extraction of non-polar compounds or temperature-sensitive compounds and is incompatible with highly viscous solvents [53,54]. The efficiency of MAE depends upon several parameters including the properties of the solvents and compound (dielectric constants, polarity, solubility, partition coefficient, mass diffusivity, and volumes of the extracting solvent and sample), microwave power, frequency and duration of irradiation, extraction pressure, and the number of cycles [55,56].…”