Salvia miltiorrhiza: An ancient Chinese herbal medicine as a source for anti-osteoporotic drugs

Effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza on CNS Neuronal Injury and Degeneration: A Plausible Complementary Role of Tanshinones and Depsides

“…Sodium DSS amplified the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax and the levels of p-Akt and p-GSK-3β [13]. Phosphorylation of Akt promotes cell survival against cerebral ischemic injury by phosphorylation and subsequent inactivation of many proapoptotic proteins, such as GSK-3β, procaspase-9, and forehead transcription factor (FKHR) [13]. In addition, DSS could protect PC-12 cells from Aβ-induced cytotoxicity by improving cell viability, inhibiting Ca 2+ intake, and reducing LDH release [46].…”

“…In the successive decades, the number of pharmacological and clinical studies grew rapidly proving not only cardiovascular properties but widespread activities in several pathologies. Many interesting, promising therapeutic applications of S. miltiorrhiza extracts or single constituents have now appeared in the literature and include acute ischemic stroke [8,9], AD [10][11][12], osteoporosis [13], atherosclerosis [14], fulminant hepatic failure [15], and malignant gliomas [16]. In virtue of having few side effects, S. miltiorrhiza and its single constituents have been widely and successfully used in clinics in China, Korea, Japan, and other Asian countries for the treatment of heart and cerebrovascular disease, hepatitis, hepatocirrhosis, neuroasthenic insomnia, cancer, chronic renal failure, and dysmenorrhea [1,2,4].…”

“…Therefore, it may reduce not only the production of ROS, but also it could result in the reduction of p38 phosphorylation leading to the decrease of NF-κB activation, in turn, downregulating the inflammatory response in the hippocampus. Sodium DSS amplified the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax and the levels of p-Akt and p-GSK-3β [13]. Phosphorylation of Akt promotes cell survival against cerebral ischemic injury by phosphorylation and subsequent inactivation of many proapoptotic proteins, such as GSK-3β, procaspase-9, and forehead transcription factor (FKHR) [13].…”

“…Anti-inflammatory mechanisms ↓ RAGE, p-p38, COX-2, NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6, and PGE 2 [59] Antiapoptotic mechanisms ↑ ratio Bcl-2/Bax (Guo C et al, 2014) [13] ↑ p-Akt and p-GSK-3β (Guo C et al, 2014) [13] ↓ Ca 2+ intake (Zhou Y et al, 2011) [46] Other mechanisms ↓ release of LDH (Zhou Y et al, 2011) [46] Additionally, considerable data suggest that inflammation contributes to many CNS diseases, and therefore represents a plausible therapeutic target for intervention. A wealth of potential inflammatory targets for intervention have been proposed, including microglial activation and leukocyte extravasation via adhesion molecules or MMPs, NO and iNOS, COX-2, and cytokines such as IL-1 and TNFα [64].…”

Chinese single herbs and active ingredients for postmenopausal osteoporosis: From preclinical evidence to action mechanism

“…There are more than 100 compounds isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza, such as tanshinone, salvianic acid, and flavonoids (78). As is recorded in Qian Jin Fang, the application of Salvia miltiorrhiza for treating blood stasis and injuries dated back over hundreds of years.…”