Salvadora persica mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial efficacy

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) exhibit strong antimicrobial properties against many pathogens. Traditionally employed chemical methods for AgNPs synthesis are toxic for the environment. Here, we report a quicker, simpler, and environmentally benign process to synthesize AgNPs by using an aqueous ‘root extract’ of Salvadora persica (Sp) plant as a reducing agent. The synthesized Salvadora persica nano particles (SpNPs) showed significantly higher antimicrobial efficacy compared to earlier reported studies. We characterized SpNPs using UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and X-ray powder diffraction (P-XRD). UV–Vis spectrum showed the highest absorbance at 420 nm. FTIR analysis depicts presence of bond stretching including OH– (3300 cm−1), C=N– (2100 cm−1) and NH– (1630 cm−1) which are attributed in the involvement of phenolics, proteins or nitrogenous compounds in reduction and stabilization of AgNPs. TEM, FE-SEM and DLS analysis revealed the spherical and rod nature of SpNPs and an average size of particles as 37.5 nm. XRD analysis showed the presence of the cubic structure of Ag which confirmed the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. To demonstrate antimicrobial efficacy, we evaluated SpNPs antimicrobial activity against two bacterial pathogens (Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228)). SpNPs showed a significantly high inhibition for both pathogens and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were found to be 0.39 µg/mL and 0.78 µg/mL for E. coli while 0.19 µg/mL and 0.39 µg/mL for S. epidermidis respectively. Further, Syto 16 staining of bacterial cells provided a supplemental confirmation of the antimicrobial efficacy as the bacterial cells treated with SpNPs stop to fluoresce compared to the untreated bacterial cells. Our highly potent SpNPs will likely have a great potential for many antimicrobial applications including wound healing, water purification, air filtering and other biomedical applications.

Multifaceted phytogenic silver nanoparticles by an insectivorous plant Drosera spatulata Labill var. bakoensis and its potential therapeutic applications

“…Other recent study by root extract of Salvadora persica mediated silver nanparticles, also reveals that ZOI will also depend upon the size of the nanoparticles and concentration of nanoparticles. Smaller the size of nanoparticles more easily the nanoparticles will percolate through the cell membrane and induce toxicity and cause cell death in both gram positive Staphylococcus epidermidis and gram negative Escherichia coli bacteria 42 . In the past Kim et al and Feng et alalso studied the antibacterial efficacy of silver nanocomposite hydrogels and mechanistic effect of AgNPs against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus also reveals similar results in which protein synthesis is arrested due AgNPs 43 , 44 .…”

Green Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Different Plants’ Parts for Antimicrobial Activity and Anticancer Activity: A Review Article

“…In another report, spherical silver nanoparticles with average size of 20.49 nm were prepared by utilizing Duchesnea indica and tested toward E. coli (MIC = 0.53 mg/mL), S. typhi (MIC = 0.01 mg/mL), A. alternata (MIC = 0.51 mg/mL), and M. canis (MIC = 0.53 mg/mL) [233]. Arshad, Hammad, et al reported a simpler, quicker, and ecofriendly approach to prepare silver nanoparticles by utilizing Salvadora persica aqueous root extract and tested them toward S. epidermidis ATCC12228 (MIC = 0.39 µg/mL) and E. coli (MIC = 0.19 µg/mL) [234]. In another report, Tripathi, Deepika, et al examined the cytotoxic efficiency of Asparagus officinalis-mediated silver nanoparticles toward a cervical cancer cell line (SiHa) [235].…”

Salvadora persica: Nature’s Gift for Periodontal Health

“…Numerous investigations have described the antimicrobic effect of SP on various types of bacteria [ 8 , 106 , 107 ]. SP extracts and products have been shown to have significant bactericidal activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as suppressing bacterial biofilms, in a number of studies, reassuring the use of SP as an antimicrobial drug in a variety of diseases [ 8 , 108 , 109 ].…”