Salix (Salicaceae) Distribution Maps and a Synopsis of Their Classification in North America, North of Mexico

Argus, George W.

doi:10.3100/1043-4534(2007)12[335:ssdmaa]2.0.co;2

Cited by 67 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Limited, Mulgrave, Victoria, Australia) P is run on the Technicon Traaccs Autoanalyser (Technicon Instruments Corp., Tarrytown, New York, USA). Method #TP-LFIM (Total carbon by LECO induction furnace (LECO Corp. St. Joseph, Michigan, USA)) was used for N, C, and S [46].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Willows are among the first woody plants to colonize former mine sites [9,[46][47][48]. Although they are most often associated with wetlands and riparian zones, some willows are also adapted to drier upland sites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With more than 350 species worldwide, willows are widespread across the northern hemisphere, and Canada has 76 native willows [46]. Willows are among the first woody plants to colonize former mine sites [9,[46][47][48].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both DIS and ERI are shrub willows that occur in natural populations on disturbed wetland sites across eastern and central North America, but DIS can also be found colonizing drier upland sites throughout its botanical range and is a common, naturally occurring colonizer of the Salmon Harbour (SH) coal mine site near Minto, New Brunswick (NB), Canada (Lat. 46.07 • N; Long. 66.05 • W).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phytoremediation Efficacy of Salix discolor and S. eriocephela on Adjacent Acidic Clay and Shale Overburden on a Former Mine Site: Growth, Soil, and Foliage Traits

Mosseler¹,

Major²

2017

Forests

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Plants regularly experience suboptimal environments, but this can be particularly acute on highly-disturbed mine sites. Two North American willows-Salix discolor Muhl. (DIS) and S. eriocephala Michx. (ERI)-were established in common-garden field tests on two adjacent coal mine spoil sites: one with high clay content, the other with shale overburden. The high clay content site had 44% less productivity, a pH of 3.6, 42% clay content, high water holding capacity at saturation (64%), and high soil electrical conductivity (EC) of 3.9 mS cm −1 . The adjacent shale overburden site had a pH of 6.8, and after removing 56.5% stone content, a high sand content (67.2%), low water holding capacity at saturation (23%), and an EC of 0.9 mS cm −1 . The acidic clay soil had significantly greater Na (20×), Ca (2×), Mg (4.4×), S (10×), C (12×) and N (2×) than the shale overburden. Foliar concentrations from the acidic clay site had significantly greater Mg (1.5×), Mn (3.3×), Fe (5.6×), Al (4.6×), and S (2×) than the shale overburden, indicating that these elements are more soluble under acidic conditions. There was no overall species difference in growth; however, survival was greater for ERI than DIS on both sites, thus overall biomass yield was greater for ERI than DIS. Foliar concentrations of ERI were significantly greater than those of DIS for N (1.3×), Ca (1.5×), Mg (1.2×), Fe (2×), Al (1.5×), and S (1.5×). There were no significant negative relationships between metal concentrations and growth or biomass yield. Both willows showed large variation among genotypes within each species in foliar concentrations, and some clones of DIS and ERI had up to 16× the Fe and Al uptake on the acidic site versus the adjacent overburden. Genetic selection among species and genotypes may be useful for reclamation activities aimed at reducing specific metal concentrations on abandoned mine sites. Results show that, despite having a greater water holding capacity, the greater acidity of the clay site resulted in greater metal mobility-in particular Na-and thus a greater EC. It appears that the decline in productivity was not due to toxicity effects from the increased mobility of metals, but rather to low pH and moisture stress from very high soil Na/EC.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phytoremediation Efficacy of Salix discolor and S. eriocephela on Adjacent Acidic Clay and Shale Overburden on a Former Mine Site: Growth, Soil, and Foliage Traits

Mosseler¹,

Major²

2017

Forests

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“…They are widespread in the Western Arctic and dominant species at our study sites; on Qikiqtaruk, they approximately reach their northern distribution limit (Argus 2007). Salix arctica is a dwarf willow widely distributed in the circumpolar region all the way up to the High Arctic, over 80°N (Argus 2007).…”

Section: Study Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant–plant interactions could limit recruitment and range expansion of tall shrubs into alpine and Arctic tundra

2018

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Species in cold-limited biomes are expected to expand their distribution ranges in response to climate warming. For plants, range shifts can only occur via successful recruitment beyond their current distribution limit. However, many environmental and ecological filters can act upon recruitment and establishment, thereby potentially limiting the expected climate-driven shifts. In this study, we investigate potential mechanical and chemical constraints that vegetation above the tall shrubline in alpine and Arctic tundra could impose upon the successful establishment of willow species in the Canadian Western Arctic. We collected willow seeds from an alpine and an Arctic shrubline and conducted germination trials to test (1) for seedbed preferences among three natural and one experimentally scarified seedbeds, and (2) for vulnerability to allelopathic chemicals produced by ericaceous dwarf shrub species. We found that germination was almost four times higher on manually exposed bare ground than on intact, herbaceous vegetation. Seeds of two willow species, Salix arctica and Salix pulchra, were not affected by leaf extracts from dwarf shrubs, Cassiope tetragona and Vaccinum uliginosum, but the germination of Salix richardsonii was reduced by as much as 24% in the presence of chemicals from C. tetragona. Our results suggest that biotic interactions could limit the predicted expansion of tall shrubs in the tundra by interfering with germination. Seemingly species-specific responses highlight the need for replicated studies across a wider range of species combinations. Potential range shifts may not occur as a uniform translocation of the shrubline, but could change the composition of the plant community by filtering out certain species.

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Challenge accepted: Evolutionary lineages versus taxonomic classification of North American shrub willows (Salix)

Marinček,

Léveillé‐Bourret,

Heiduk

et al. 2024

American J of Botany

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PremiseThe huge diversity of Salix subgenus Chamaetia/Vetrix clade in North America and the lack of phylogenetic resolution within this clade has presented a difficult but fascinating challenge for taxonomists to resolve. Here we tested the existing taxonomic classification with molecular tools.MethodsIn this study, 132 samples representing 46 species from 22 described sections of shrub willows from the United States and Canada were analyzed and combined with 67 samples from Eurasia. The ploidy levels of the samples were determined using flow cytometry and nQuire. Sequences were produced using a RAD sequencing approach and subsequently analyzed with ipyrad, then used for phylogenetic reconstructions (RAxML, SplitsTree), dating analyses (BEAST, SNAPPER), and character evolution analyses of 14 selected morphological traits (Mesquite).ResultsThe RAD sequencing approach allowed the production of a well‐resolved phylogeny of shrub willows. The resulting tree showed an exclusively North American (NA) clade in sister position to a Eurasian clade, which included some North American endemics. The NA clade began to diversify in the Miocene. Polyploid species appeared in each observed clade. Character evolution analyses revealed that adaptive traits such as habit and adaxial nectaries evolved multiple times independently.ConclusionsThe diversity in shrub willows was shaped by an evolutionary radiation in North America. Most species were monophyletic, but the existing sectional classification could not be supported by molecular data. Nevertheless, monophyletic lineages share several morphological characters, which might be useful in the revision of the taxonomic classification of shrub willows.

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Salix (Salicaceae) Distribution Maps and a Synopsis of Their Classification in North America, North of Mexico

Cited by 67 publications

References 8 publications

Phytoremediation Efficacy of Salix discolor and S. eriocephela on Adjacent Acidic Clay and Shale Overburden on a Former Mine Site: Growth, Soil, and Foliage Traits

Phytoremediation Efficacy of Salix discolor and S. eriocephela on Adjacent Acidic Clay and Shale Overburden on a Former Mine Site: Growth, Soil, and Foliage Traits

Plant–plant interactions could limit recruitment and range expansion of tall shrubs into alpine and Arctic tundra

Challenge accepted: Evolutionary lineages versus taxonomic classification of North American shrub willows (Salix)

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