Salivary IgA Response of Triathletes Participating in the French Iron Tour

Libicz, S.; Mercier, B.; Bigou, N; Gallais, Daniel Le; Castex, Françoise

doi:10.1055/s-2005-865747

Cited by 47 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…Immune function has been shown to be less impaired in highly conditioned versus sedentary elderly subjects [21] suggesting that aerobic conditioning may be benefi cial to immune health in older adults. Several papers have been published regarding the infl uence of exercise in mucosal and plasma antibodies concentration [1,7,9,14,16,22,24,26,27,30,33,35,36,39,44,45] . The lack of consistency in fi ndings supports the need for more studies to further our understanding of this aspect of immune regulation.…”

Section: Eff Ects Of Aerobic Conditioning On Salivary Iga and Plasma mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Aerobic Conditioning on Salivary IgA and Plasma IgA, IgG and IgM in Older Men and Women

Martins

Cunha

Neves³

et al. 2009

Int J Sports Med

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As people age, they experience a decline in immune responses. Unusually heavy acute or chronic exercise could increase the risk of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) whereas regular moderate physical activity may reduce URTI symptomatology. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether an aerobic exercise program would promote chronic adaptations in plasma IgA, IgG and IgM, and salivary IgA (Sal-IgA) in both elderly women and men. Forty-three independently living men and women, aged between 65 and 96 years, were randomly assigned to an aerobic exercising or a control group. Each participant underwent three evaluations (pre, post at 16 weeks and follow-up at 32 weeks). The aerobic exercise group increased resting plasma IgA concentration from 1.08 g. L (-1)+/-0.50 g. L (-1) to 2.29 g. L (-1)+/-0.93 g. L (-1), whereas salivary IgA concentration was unchanged. The control group maintained the plasma IgA values but experienced a decrease in Sal-IgA. The IgG and IgM plasma concentrations increased in both groups, however, only the exercise group maintained higher values in the final follow-up evaluation. Regular aerobic exercise may be effective in promoting IgA immunity and protecting against the deterioration in Sal-IgA values observed in the control group. No gender differences in the immunoglobulin responses to aerobic training were observed.

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Section: Eff Ects Of Aerobic Conditioning On Salivary Iga and Plasma mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Aerobic Conditioning on Salivary IgA and Plasma IgA, IgG and IgM in Older Men and Women

Martins

Cunha

Neves³

et al. 2009

Int J Sports Med

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“…1 It has been reported that acute highintensity exercise and long-term heavy training lead to a decrease in immune functions. [2][3][4][5] Additionally, Nieman has reported that people who habitually do moderate exercise have less risk of URTI than those people who do not; however, he also has reported that high-intensity exercise increases the risk of URTI. 6 Since it is known that URTI adversely affects training and performance, 7 it is important for athletes to avoid URTI in order to maintain a good physical and mental condition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Acupuncture on Salivary Immunoglobulin a after a Bout of Intense Exercise

et al. 2010

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In the fi eld of athletics, acupuncture has been used for treatment of injury, reduction of fatigue and management of physical condition. However, there is little information on the effect of acupuncture on the immune function in response to exercise. Purpose The aim of this study was to examine the effect of acupuncture treatment on the mucosal immune function after a single period of intense exercise by measuring salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA). Methods 12 healthy men (23.6±SEv 0.3 years) participated in this study with a crossover design. The subjects exercised on a bicycle equipped with an ergometer at 75% VO 2 max for 60 min. Acupuncture treatment was applied at LU6, LI4, ST36 and ST6, for 30 min after the exercise. The control treatment was rest without acupuncture and that the order of the treatment was randomised. We measured parameters including saliva fl ow rate, SIgA concentration, SIgA secretion rate, heart rate and plasma catecholamine concentration all before the exercise and at 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h and 24 h after the exercise. The visual analogue scale for self-perceived tiredness and the profi le of mood states questionnaires were recorded before the exercise and at 24 h after the exercise. Result Intense exercise-induced decrease of SIgA levels was attenuated by the acupuncture treatment. In contrast, the subjective fatigue score and psychological measurement were not affected by the acupuncture. Conclusion Acupuncture treatment may attenuate the decrease in SIgA level induced by intense exercise. INTRODUCTIONAthletes have to maintain and even improve highfi tness levels and skills to perform well at competitions. Therefore, they need to do high-frequency, high-intensity training. Among elite athletes and coaches it is well known that athletes have a higher risk of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) than non-athletes.1 It has been reported that acute highintensity exercise and long-term heavy training lead to a decrease in immune functions. [2][3][4][5] Additionally, Nieman has reported that people who habitually do moderate exercise have less risk of URTI than those people who do not; however, he also has reported that high-intensity exercise increases the risk of URTI. 6 Since it is known that URTI adversely affects training and performance, 7 it is important for athletes to avoid URTI in order to maintain a good physical and mental condition. Several studies have shown that suppression of salivary immunoglobulin A(SIgA) level in elite athletes frequently results in URTI.10 11 SIgA, which is the predominant immunoglobulin in secretions of the mucosal immune system, penetrates the body through the mucosal tissues, 12 13 neutralises various toxins and viruses, and inhibits the attachment and replication of pathogenic microorganisms. 13 14 Acupuncture is used most commonly as an adjunctive treatment for the relief of chronic or acute pain. Acupuncture treatment is also a very common method for modulating the physical condition of various athletes. 15 In athletics, acupuncture is m...

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“…A liberação de no-raepinefrina observada durante o exercício prolongado está associada à redução do fluxo salivar (34) , que, por sua vez, diminui as concentrações de IgA na saliva. Garantir um bom nível de secreção salivar, mesmo durante o exercício, é fundamental para impedir reduções acentuadas nos níveis de IgA-s. Uma forma interessante de assegurar isso é manter o indivíduo hidratado.…”

Section: Produção Salivarunclassified

“…Estudos encontraram reduções na concentração de IgA tanto durante como após um período prolongado de treinamento intenso no ciclismo (32,35) , na corrida (24) , na natação (47) , no triátlon (48) e em atletas de caiaque (49) . Libicz et al (34) investigaram oito triatletas durante o Iron Tour da França e coletaram, diariamente, amostras de saliva quando os atletas acordavam, antes da etapa do dia e após cada dia de competição. O fluxo salivar foi significantemente menor após cada etapa, comparada com o estado basal.…”

Section: Exercício De Intensidade Altaunclassified

“…Ademais, devido à maior facilidade de mensuração do esforço em atividades contínuas e laboratoriais, poucos estudos se dedicam a estudar esportes coletivos (73) ou em situação real de competição (34) . Estudos futuros podem ser conduzidos no sentido de propor um modelo de exercício moderado que ajudaria nesse aumento de IgA, indicando tipo, intensidade e volume de exercícios que proporcionariam melhores benefícios.…”

Section: Exercício De Intensidade Moderadaunclassified

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Imunoglobulina A salivar (IgA-s) e exercício: relevância do controle em atletas e implicações metodológicas

Silva

Natali

Paula

et al. 2009

Rev Bras Med Esporte

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RESUMoO objetivo do presente estudo é realizar uma análise e discussão dos principais achados envolvendo o comportamento da imunoglobulina A salivar (IgA-s) em relação ao estímulo do exercício e evidenciar a importância de seu controle em atletas. O exercício físico é um importante modulador das características do sistema imune, sobretudo do comportamento da IgA-s, componente fundamental na proteção de infecções do trato respiratório superior (ITRS). No entanto, a relação direta entre baixas concentrações de IgA-s e ITRS precisa de mais evidências para ser confirmada. As concentrações de IgA-s durante e logo após um exercício intenso diminuem, deixando o indivíduo mais suscetível à infecção, porém, atletas envolvidos em atividades extenuantes não são clinicamente imunodeficientes, comparados com indivíduos sedentários. Essas modificações são transitórias, com retorno aos valores normais após aproximadamente 48 horas de repouso. A razão dessas alterações não é clara, mas se apresenta multifatorial: elevação de hormônios estressores; fatores nutricionais; ação de espécies reativas de oxigênio; e estresse psicológico. Apesar do efeito transitório das alterações provocadas nos elementos do sistema imune frente ao exercício, observa-se diferença na variabilidade da IgA-s em populações com diferentes níveis de condicionamento. Diferenças metodológicas -como o protocolo de exercício, o método de coleta, armazenamento e manipulação da saliva, a forma de expressão da IgA-s, o nível de hidratação, o controle da dieta, a sazonalidade do período de competição, a aclimatação entre outros fatores -devem ser levadas em consideração para comparação entre os estudos. Além disso, ajudam a explicar, em parte, os resultados adversos envolvendo exercício moderado e os intermitentes, em que se encontram aumento, redução e até ausência de alteração nos níveis de IgA-s. Investigações de elementos inovadores, como os toll-like receptors, e o avanço tecnológico podem colaborar para aumentar as evidências sobre o tema.Palavras-chave: sistema imunológico, exercício físico, infecção. aBStRaCtThe present study aimed to discuss the main findings involving salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) and exercise and evidence the importance of the control in athletes. Exercise is a great modulator of immune system characteristics such as the s-IgA that exerts important defense against upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). However, more evidence is needed to confirm a direct association between low levels of s-IgA and URTI. The level of s-IgA decreases after a high-intense exercise, increasing thus, the individual' s susceptibility to infection, but athletes engaged in exhausting exercise are not clinically immune-deficient compared with sedentary subjects. The changes in s-IgA are transitory returning to normal status in approximately 48-h rest. The reason of these alterations remains unclear, but many causes have been investigated: hormones stressors rise; nutrition influences; action of reactive oxygen species, psychological stress. Despite the tr...

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Salivary IgA Response of Triathletes Participating in the French Iron Tour

Cited by 47 publications

References 22 publications

Effects of Aerobic Conditioning on Salivary IgA and Plasma IgA, IgG and IgM in Older Men and Women

Effects of Aerobic Conditioning on Salivary IgA and Plasma IgA, IgG and IgM in Older Men and Women

Effect of Acupuncture on Salivary Immunoglobulin a after a Bout of Intense Exercise

Imunoglobulina A salivar (IgA-s) e exercício: relevância do controle em atletas e implicações metodológicas

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