Imunoglobulina A salivar (IgA-s) e exercício: relevância do controle em atletas e implicações metodológicas

Silva, Rafael Pires da; Natali, Antônio José; Paula, Sérgio Oliveira de; Locatelli, Jamille; Marins, João Carlos Bouzas

doi:10.1590/s1517-86922009000700012

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The production of IgA in saliva may be mediated by several factors, such as stress hormones, nutritional factors, circadian cycle, hydration, alcohol intake, and also cytokines [ 1 , 2 , 13 , 46 ]. The effects of exercise on the production of cytokines in saliva are not well understood [ 2 ], especially in hypoxia [ 21 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The concentration of IL-10 and its secretion rates were not different when comparing time for any of the groups. However, despite the secretion rate being slightly lower in post-exercise when compared to baseline, we found that supplementation with carbohydrates was able to increase IL-10 after two hours of recovery, showing that the anti-inflammatory role of carbohydrate [ 46 ] can also be observed in saliva, thereby contributing to the maintenance of homeostasis at this site and helping to preserve mucosal immune responses [ 47 ]. We found similar results in the Hypoxia + Glutamine group, suggesting that, despite the increase of IL-10 by approximately 25% post-exercise compared to baseline, glutamine supplementation was not able to modulate the pro/anti-inflammatory balance by modification of IL-10.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Carbohydrate and Glutamine Supplementation on Oral Mucosa Immunity after Strenuous Exercise at High Altitude: A Double-Blind Randomized Trial

et al. 2017

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This study analyzed the effects of carbohydrate and glutamine supplementation on salivary immunity after exercise at a simulated altitude of 4500 m. Fifteen volunteers performed exercise of 70% of VO2peak until exhaustion and were divided into three groups: hypoxia placebo, hypoxia 8% maltodextrin (200 mL/20 min), and hypoxia after six days glutamine (20 g/day) and 8% maltodextrin (200 mL/20 min). All procedures were randomized and double-blind. Saliva was collected at rest (basal), before exercise (pre-exercise), immediately after exercise (post-exercise), and two hours after exercise. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures and Tukey post hoc test were performed. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. SaO2% reduced when comparing baseline vs. pre-exercise, post-exercise, and after recovery for all three groups. There was also a reduction of SaO2% in pre-exercise vs. post-exercise for the hypoxia group and an increase was observed in pre-exercise vs. recovery for both supplementation groups, and between post-exercise and for the three groups studied. There was an increase of salivary flow in post-exercise vs. recovery in Hypoxia + Carbohydrate group. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) decreased from baseline vs. post-exercise for Hypoxia + Glutamine group. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) increased from post-exercise vs. after recovery in Hypoxia + Carbohydrate group. Reduction of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was observed from baseline vs. post-exercise and after recovery for the Hypoxia + Carbohydrate group; a lower concentration was observed in pre-exercise vs. post-exercise and recovery. TNF-α had a reduction from baseline vs. post-exercise for both supplementation groups, and a lower secretion between baseline vs. recovery, and pre-exercise vs. post-exercise for Hypoxia + Carbohydrate group. Five hours of hypoxia and exercise did not change IgA. Carbohydrates, with greater efficiency than glutamine, induced anti-inflammatory responses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Carbohydrate and Glutamine Supplementation on Oral Mucosa Immunity after Strenuous Exercise at High Altitude: A Double-Blind Randomized Trial

et al. 2017

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“…Although the study by Olivares et al (47) presented very similar data and methodological design to this research, the study evaluated serum IgA. Considering that salivary IgA concentrations may vary due to hydration status, among other factors (48) , we increased sample size by 10 % (n 31) per group to avoid type II sampling error. Considering potential dropouts, we further increased the sample size, initiating the study with eighty volunteers.…”

Section: Statistical Analyses and Data Plottingmentioning

confidence: 95%

Immune status, well-being and gut microbiota in military supplemented with synbiotic ice cream and submitted to field training: a randomised clinical trial

et al. 2021

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Strenuous physical activity, sleep deprivation, and psychological stress are common features of military field training. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementation with a synbiotic ice cream on salivary IgA, gastrointestinal symptoms, well-being indicators, and gut microbiota in young military participants undergoing field training. Sixty-five military completed the study: one group was supplemented for 30 days with synbiotic ice cream containing: 2.1x108 CFU/g for L. acidophilus LA-5 and 2.7x109 CFU/g for B. animalis BB-12 and 2.3g of inulin in the 60g of ice cream at manufacture, and the other with a placebo ice cream. Volunteers were evaluated at pre-supplementation (baseline), post-supplementation, and after a five-day military training. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus genera were measured in stool samples and both showed a higher differential abundance post-supplementation and training. Salivary IgA and gastrointestinal symptoms decreased at post-training in both groups (p<0.05; main effect of time); however, supplementation with synbiotic did not mitigate this effect. Tenseness and sleepiness were decreased in the synbiotic-treated group, but not in the placebo group at post-military training (p=0.01 and p=0.009, respectively; group x time effect). The other well-being indicators were not affected by the synbiotic supplementation. In conclusion, 30 days of synbiotic ice cream supplementation containing inulin, L. acidophilus LA-5, and B. animalis BB-12 favourably modulated gut microbiota and improved tenseness and sleepiness in healthy young military undergoing a 5-day field training. These improvements may be relevant to this population as they may influence the decision-making process in an environment of high physical and psychological stress.

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“…In the last years, few exercise intervention studies have examined salivary antimicrobial proteins, such as IgA and Lys (Allgrove et al, 2008;da Silva et al, 2009;Shibuya et al, 2015). In the study of Akimoto et al (2003), 12 weeks of regular, moderate, and combined exercises apparently enhanced IgA in older individuals.…”

Section: ) Low Circulating Tt Concentration Has Been Associatedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined Chair-Based Exercises Improve Functional Fitness, Mental Well-Being, Salivary Steroid Balance, and Anti-microbial Activity in Pre-frail Older Women

et al. 2021

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IntroductionRegular exercise has long been shown to positively impact the immune system responsiveness and improve mental well-being (MWB). However, the putative links between biomarkers of mental health and immune efficiency in exercising subjects have been scarcely investigated. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of a 14-week combined chair-based exercise program (CEP) on salivary steroid hormones and anti-microbial proteins, functional fitness, and MWB indexes in pre-frail older women.MethodsThe participant women (82.8 4.6 years old; n = 32) were randomly divided into the exercising group (CEP, n = 17) and the non-exercising control group (CG, n = 15). The pre/post assessment included: (1) salivary anti-microbial proteins lysozyme; (Lys) and immunoglobulin-A (IgA); (2) salivary steroid hormones of testosterone (TT) and cortisol (COR); (3) functional fitness (gait speed, hand grip strength, and static balance); (4) MWB questionnaires (happiness, depression state, satisfaction with life, and stress).ResultsSignificant differences with large Cohen’s (d) effect sizes were found on increased salivary TT (p < 0.05; d = 0.60) after exercise intervention. The results revealed a decrease in IgA levels after CEP (p < 0.01, d = 0.30). The increase in subjective happiness levels (p < 0.05, d = 0.30) and decrease of stress perception (p < 0.01, d = 2.60) and depressive state (p < 0.05, d = 0.30) were found after intervention in the CEP group. Robust statistical differences in gait speed (p < 0.05; d = 0.60) and balance tests (p < 0.05; d = 0.80) were also found in the CEP group. In control, COR increased moderately (p < 0.05; d = 0.65) while no changes were found for the other indicators. Correlation analyses showed inter-dependence between pre–post variations of MWB, biochemical indexes, and fitness function (e.g., COR inverse correlation with hand grip strength and balance tests).ConclusionThe CEP program was able to improve functional-fitness performance, decrease feelings of stress, and increase happiness. The CEP also induced clinically relevant hormonal and immune responses, which suggests that chair exercises that combine muscular strength, balance, and gait speed training are promising interventions to improve physical and mental health of older pre-frail adults.

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Imunoglobulina A salivar (IgA-s) e exercício: relevância do controle em atletas e implicações metodológicas

Cited by 8 publications

References 88 publications

Effects of Carbohydrate and Glutamine Supplementation on Oral Mucosa Immunity after Strenuous Exercise at High Altitude: A Double-Blind Randomized Trial

Effects of Carbohydrate and Glutamine Supplementation on Oral Mucosa Immunity after Strenuous Exercise at High Altitude: A Double-Blind Randomized Trial

Immune status, well-being and gut microbiota in military supplemented with synbiotic ice cream and submitted to field training: a randomised clinical trial

Combined Chair-Based Exercises Improve Functional Fitness, Mental Well-Being, Salivary Steroid Balance, and Anti-microbial Activity in Pre-frail Older Women

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