Salivary cortisol as a marker of acute stress in dogs: a review

Eva, Carola; Bolechová, Petra; Chaloupková, Helena; Svobodová, Ivona; Jovičić, Marija; Sedmı́ková, Markéta

doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.106428

Cited by 32 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…Activation of the HPA axis results in an elevation in circulating glucocorticoids (cortisol and corticosterone). In particular, glucocorticoids are the main markers of stress [46,47]. Increased cortisol level during stress was reported in wilds, farms, domestic, and laboratory animals, such as primates, giraffe, chicken, fish, dog, and rat [48][49][50][51][52][53].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amelioration on oxidative stress, testosterone, and cortisol levels after administration of Vitamins C and E in albino rats with chronic variable stress

et al. 2021

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Background and Aim: Stress can cause physiological and biological disorders in the body. On the other hand, antioxidants from vitamins and minerals are effective for stress treatment. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of the administration of Vitamins C and E on serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), testosterone, and cortisol activity in albino rats with chronic variable stress (CVS). Materials and Methods: Twenty albino rats were randomly assigned into four treatment groups: C was administered normal saline; T1 was administered Vitamins C and E; T2 was only induced CVS; and T3 was induced CVS followed by Vitamins C and E administration. All treatments were applied for 4 weeks, respectively. Furthermore, 5 mL of blood samples were collected intracardially. Body weight data were collected for the initial and final weights. From serum samples, SOD, GPx, and CAT were measured using the enzymol method; MDA was measured using the high-performance liquid chromatography method; and testosterone and cortisol were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. All variables were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance followed by the Duncan test (p<0.05). Results: Our findings showed that the T1 and T3 groups significantly decreased (p<0.001) compared to T2 in the following parameters: SOD, MDA, GPx, and cortisol. Meanwhile, CAT and testosterone levels in the T1 and T3 groups were significantly increased (p<0.001) compared to the T2 group. In addition, the weight gain in T1 and T3 groups was significantly increased (p<0.001) compared to T2 group. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the administration of Vitamins C and E had a significant effect to alleviate SOD, MDA, GPx, and cortisol and to improve the testosterone level in albino rats with CVS.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amelioration on oxidative stress, testosterone, and cortisol levels after administration of Vitamins C and E in albino rats with chronic variable stress

et al. 2021

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“…Stress is complex and its measurement by a single method is difficult. It is recommended to utilise multiple parameters simultaneously to improve the quality of measurement [17,51]. Behavioural analysis is widely utilised to assess stress levels of animals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…blood, saliva, urine, and hair) [ 11 ]. Although cortisol concentrations in faeces or hair reflect chronic stress, concentrations in blood or saliva reflect the current circumstances of an organism [ 17 ]. Due to this property, cortisol is the most broadly studied biomarker for both acute and chronic stress in veterinary medicine [ 18 – 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of salivary vasopressin as an acute stress biomarker in healthy dogs with stress due to noise and environmental challenges

Jeong

Song

et al. 2020

BMC Vet Res

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Background Stress is associated with various detrimental changes in physiological health that affect an animal’s quality of life. The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic-adreno-medullar (SAM) axis are two main physiological pathways that constitute the stress response of an organism. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a mediator of the HPA axis and is known to be related to social behaviours and stress. The serum concentration of AVP is higher in more aggressive dogs and humans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Salivary biomarker analysis is a non-invasive method to assess stress. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possibility of using salivary AVP as an acute stress biomarker in dogs. Salivary AVP concentration was measured before and after exposure to all relevant environmental stimuli (i.e. car trip to the lab, physical examination by the veterinarian, and sampling procedure,) and then after 30 min of vacuum noise exposure. Behavioural assessments, physiologic parameter assessments, and serum cortisol analysis were conducted in combination. Statistical analysis was conducted separately in the total study population, the less stressed group, and the more stressed group, respectively. Results Based on stress behaviour analysis scores, 28 dogs were classified into less or more stressed groups. All four physiologic parameters (blood pressure, body temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate) were significantly increased after noise and environmental challenges, in the more stressed group. Serum cortisol did not show any significant change. Salivary AVP significantly decreased after noise and environmental stimulation in the more stressed group but not in the less stressed group. Salivary AVP and blood pressure changes were negatively correlated in the more stressed group. Conclusion Salivary AVP may be a potential acute stress biomarker in dogs.

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“…Nevertheless, the common methodological issues in endocrine measures have been identified as subject-related (intra-and interindividual variability), experiment-related (lack of standardization in methodology, impact of sampling time, owner presence, and data interpretation), and context-related (both the impact of testing and regular living environment). Standardized methodology and well-controlled experiments are required to validate endocrine measures as reliable indicators of positive well-being in animals (Cobb et al, 2016;Rault et al, 2017;Chmelíková et al, 2020).…”

Section: Conclusion and Further Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Where Do We Stand in the Domestic Dog (Canis familiaris) Positive-Emotion Assessment: A State-of-the-Art Review and Future Directions

Csoltova¹,

Mehinagic²

2020

Front. Psychol.

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Although there have been a growing number of studies focusing on dog welfare, the research field concerning dog positive-emotion assessment remains mostly unexplored. This paper aims to provide a state-of-the-art review and summary of the scattered and disperse research on dog positive-emotion assessment. The review notably details the current advancement in dog positive-emotion research, what approaches, measures, methods, and techniques have been implemented so far in emotion perception, processing, and response assessment. Moreover, we propose possible future research directions for short-term emotion as well as longer-term emotional states assessment in dogs. The review ends by identifying and addressing some methodological limitations and by pointing out further methodological research needs.

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Salivary cortisol as a marker of acute stress in dogs: a review

Cited by 32 publications

References 87 publications

Amelioration on oxidative stress, testosterone, and cortisol levels after administration of Vitamins C and E in albino rats with chronic variable stress

Amelioration on oxidative stress, testosterone, and cortisol levels after administration of Vitamins C and E in albino rats with chronic variable stress

Evaluation of salivary vasopressin as an acute stress biomarker in healthy dogs with stress due to noise and environmental challenges

Where Do We Stand in the Domestic Dog (Canis familiaris) Positive-Emotion Assessment: A State-of-the-Art Review and Future Directions

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