Safety Evaluation of Weissella cibaria JW15 by Phenotypic and Genotypic Property Analysis

Abstract

Weissella cibaria is one of the bacteria in charge of the initial fermentation of kimchi and has beneficial effects such as immune-modulating, antagonistic, and antioxidant activities. In our study, we aimed to estimate the safety of W. cibaria JW15 for the use of probiotics according to international standards based on phenotypic (antibiotic resistance, hemolysis, and toxic metabolite production) and genotypic analysis (virulence genes including antibiotic resistance genes). The results of the safety assessment on W. cibaria JW15 were as follows; (1) antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) (kanamycin and vancomycin etc.) were intrinsic characteristics; (2) There were no acquired virulence genes including Cytolysin (cylA), aggregation substance (asa1), Hyaluronidase (hyl), and Gelatinase (gelE); (3) this strain also lacked β-hemolysis and the production of toxic metabolites (D-lactate and bile salt deconjugation). Consequently, W. cibaria JW15 is expected to be applied as a functional food ingredient in the food market.

Detection of virulence factors, biofilm formation, and biogenic amine production in vancomycin‐resistant lactic acid bacteria (VRLAB) isolated from foods of animal origin

“…No virulence factor genes were detected in any of the Weissella isolates by analysis using the primers in this study. Similarly Jang et al (2021) determined no virulence genes in the chromosomal and plasmid genomes of the vancomycin‐resistant W. cibaria JW15 strain. However, Soleymanzadeh et al (2017) identified gelE , efaA fs , ace , and cylB genes in vancomycin‐resistant W. cibaria SM09 strain from Iranian traditional fermented camel milk (chal).…”

“…No virulence factor genes were detected in any of the Weissella isolates by analysis using the primers in this study. Similarly Jang et al (2021) determined no virulence genes in the chromosomal and plasmid genomes of the vancomycin-resistant W. cibaria JW15 strain. However, (Todorov et al, 2021;Zommiti et al, 2018).…”

Impact of Weissella cibaria BYL4.2 and its supernatants on Penicillium chrysogenum metabolism

“…Recent studies have shown that different W. cibaria have different susceptibility to antibiotics ( Wang et al, 2018 ; Kang et al, 2019 ). The W. cibaria JW15 was resistant to kanamycin and vancomycin and was sensitive to other antibiotics ( Jang et al, 2021 ). In addition, hemolysin is a very common virulence factor among pathogens that frequently cause anemia and edema in the host ( Nandi et al, 2016 ).…”

Assessing the Safety and Probiotic Characteristics of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus X253 via Complete Genome and Phenotype Analysis

“…After incubation at 37 °C for 4 h, the ZYM A and ZYM B reagents were successively added to each cupule. Based on the manufacturer’s instructions, the results were considered positive if the color intensity was more than three [ 31 ].…”

“…After washing four times with prewarmed PBS (pH 7.4), the cells were treated with 1 mL of 1% Triton X-100 (Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China) for 10 min. Finally, the number of viable cell-adhering L. rhamnosus was serially diluted for plate counts and incubated at 37 °C for 48 h. The results were expressed as a ratio of the number of adherent bacteria to the average number of CaCo-2 cells in each well [ 31 ].…”