Safety evaluation of Simarouba glauca seed fat

Rout, Prasant Kumar; Rao, Y. R.; Jena, K. S.; Sahoo, Dibakar; Ali, Shakir

doi:10.1007/s13197-012-0636-9

Cited by 14 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…On contrary, a very negligible amount of unsaponifiable material was co-extracted along with the fatty oil. Thus, the hexane extracted oil also needs refining to ensure its safe use in food products (Rout et al 2014). Over all, the present analysis of P. tetragonolobus oil contained 75.5 % USFA and 21.9 % SFA, whereas soybean oil contained around 86 % of USFA and 14 % SFA (Garcia and Palmer 1979).…”

Section: Composition Of Fatty Oilmentioning

confidence: 74%

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Physicochemical analysis of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC seeds with fatty acids and total lipids compositions

et al. 2014

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Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. is a tropical legume with potential nutritional properties. In present study, the physical properties and proximate composition of the seeds were evaluated. Besides, the physico-chemical properties of fatty oil from fully mature seeds were also studied. The fatty oil compositions of immature, mature and fully mature seeds were evaluated by GC-FID, GC/MS and 1 H-NMR. The study revealed that, fatty oil from fully mature seeds contained high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (75.5 %), whereas immature seeds contained higher percentage of saturated fatty acid (61.3 %). In addition, unsaponification matter (0.25 %) of fatty oil was identified as stigmasterol (66.4 %) and β-sitosterol (25.1 %). Total lipids of fully mature seeds were extracted and isolated as neutral, glyco-and phospholipids. Overall, the fatty oil of fully mature seeds was enriched with mono-unsaturated fatty acids (38.6 %) and poly-unsaturated fatty acids (36.9 %) without trans-fatty acids, thus meeting the edible oil standard.

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Section: Composition Of Fatty Oilmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…The oils were converted to corresponding fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) as per our previous reported procedure (Sahoo et al 2003;Rout et al 2014).…”

Section: Gc-fid and Gc/ms Analysis Of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters And Unmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physicochemical analysis of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC seeds with fatty acids and total lipids compositions

et al. 2014

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“…In this study, toxicity of ethanol leaf extract of S. glauca was tested. Several studies on acute toxicity of a number of related and unrelated plants have been reported [37,54,55]. [38] also reported that stem bark ethanol extract of S. versicolor (which belongs to the same family, Simaroubaceae) when administered to Wistar rats for 30 days; did not result to any observable signs of toxicity or mortality.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Sub-Chronic toxicity study was conducted as prescribed in [36] test guidelines, N0. 425; described by [37,38]. A suitable dose range was adopted for the sub-chronic toxicity study.…”

Section: Sub-chronic Toxicity Studies (In-vivo)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The plant is native to the Amazon rainforest and other tropical areas of Mexico, Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, and North and Central America [13]; exotic to India, Sri Lanka, Phillippines, Myanmar and Nigeria [12]. It can adapt to a wide range of range of temperatures (30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45) º C) and altitudes up to 1000 meters above sea levels [14]; it is cultivated by seed and can be grown in soils outside these regions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oral Acute & Sub-Chronic Toxicity Assessment of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Simarouba glauca

Osagie-Eweka

Orhue

Omogbai

et al. 2020

IJBcRR

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Traditional herbal medicine and their preparations have been widely used for thousands of years and are still in use in developing and developed countries owing to their medicinal values and their presumed relative safety. This belief that medicinal plants are not toxic or are with less side effect due to their natural origin is debatable; hence this study was conducted to evaluate the safety and (or) toxicity of Ethanol leaf extract of Simarouba glauca (EESG) on liver, kidney and heart functions of Wistar rats. The oral acute toxicity of EESG was evaluated in line with Lorke’s method. The sub-chronic toxicity of EESG was carried out according to the OECD guidelines with modification and using a total of twenty-four (24) male Wistar rats; divided into four groups of six rats each, following a two-week acclimatization. Test rats were orally administered EESG at doses of 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg body weight respectively daily for thirty (30) days, while the control was given only feed and water ad libitum. At the end of the experiment, the rats were fasted overnight and sacrificed under chloroform anesthesia; relevant biochemical and histopathology analyses were carried out. The data obtained from the oral acute test indicate that the LD50 was above 5000 mg/kg and there was no death recorded. There were significant increases (P ˂ 0.05) in percentage (%) body weight of rats administered respective doses of EESG. There were significant reductions (P˂0.05) in mean liver: body weight ratio of rats administered EESG 500 and 2000 mg/kg respectively, significant reductions (P˂0.05) in mean kidney: body weight ratios of rats given EESG 1000 and 2000 mg/kg respectively; significant reductions (P˂0.05) in mean heart: body weight ratios of test rats administered EESG 2000 mg/kg; whereas others were not significantly different (P˃0.05) relative to their respective control. Plasma ALT and GGT activities of rats administered respective dose of EESG were significantly reduced (P˂0.05); plasma ALP activities were significantly elevated (P˂0.05) relative to the control after 30 days. There were no significant differences (P˃0.05) in plasma total proteins and albumin levels. Plasma total and unconjugated bilirubin of rats administered respective dose of EESG were not significantly different (P˃0.05); whereas, rats given EESG recorded significant reduction in plasma conjugated bilirubin. Plasma urea was significantly elevated (P˂0.05) in rats administered EESG 1000 and 2000 mg/kg respectively. Test rats given EESG 500 and 1000 mg/kg respectively recorded significant elevations in plasma creatinine and rats given EESG 2000 mg/kg recorded significant decrease in plasma creatinine levels; others were not significantly different relative to the control. Plasma chloride and potassium ion levels of rats administered respective doses of EESG were not significantly different (P˃0.05); significant reduction (P˂0.05) in plasma sodium ions concentration in all group compared to the control. Plasma calcium ion levels in all group were not significantly different (P˃0.05); whereas there were significant reductions (P˂0.05) in plasma bicarbonate ion levels relative to their respective controls. Although plasma ALP activity were significantly elevated, there were no elevations in specific liver function enzymes and no visible hepatocellular damage. Furthermore, the conspicuous elevations observed in plasma urea and creatinine levels do not exclusively indicate EESG-induced organ injury. Therefore, it is suggestive that EESG was not significantly toxic to the to the liver, kidney and heart respectively and may be administered at lower doses in further studies.

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Can omic tools help generate alternative newer sources of edible seed oil?

2022

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There are three pathways for triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis: De novo TAG biosynthesis, phosphatidylcholine-derived biosynthesis, and cytosolic TAG biosynthesis.Variability in fatty acid composition is mainly associated with phosphatidylcholinederived TAG pathway. Mobilization of TAG-formed through cytosolic pathway into lipid droplets is yet unknown. There are multiple regulatory checkpoints starting from acetyl-CoA carboxylase to the lipid droplet biogenesis in TAG biosynthesis. Although a primary metabolism, only a few species synthesize oil in seeds for storage, and less than 10 species are commercially exploited. To meet out the growing demand for oil, diversifying into newer sources is the only choice left. The present review highlights the potential strategies targeting species like Azadirachta, Callophyllum, Madhuca, Moringa, Pongamia, Ricinus, and Simarouba, which are not being used for eating but are otherwise high yielding (ranging from 1.5 to 20 tons per hectare) with seeds having a high oil content (40-60%). Additionally, understanding the toxin biosynthesis in Ricinus and Simarouba would be useful in developing toxin-free oil plants. Realization of the importance of cell cultures as "oil factories" is not too far into the future and would soon be a commercially viable option for producing oils in vitro, round the clock. Highlight• Newer alternative sources like cell cultures and high yielding (nonedible) species with high oil content are commercially viable targets to engineer in producing edible-grade oil using the omics tool.

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Safety evaluation of Simarouba glauca seed fat

Cited by 14 publications

References 10 publications

Physicochemical analysis of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC seeds with fatty acids and total lipids compositions

Physicochemical analysis of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC seeds with fatty acids and total lipids compositions

Oral Acute & Sub-Chronic Toxicity Assessment of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Simarouba glauca

Can omic tools help generate alternative newer sources of edible seed oil?

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