Oral Acute & Sub-Chronic Toxicity Assessment of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Simarouba glauca

Abstract

Traditional herbal medicine and their preparations have been widely used for thousands of years and are still in use in developing and developed countries owing to their medicinal values and their presumed relative safety. This belief that medicinal plants are not toxic or are with less side effect due to their natural origin is debatable; hence this study was conducted to evaluate the safety and (or) toxicity of Ethanol leaf extract of Simarouba glauca (EESG) on liver, kidney and heart functions of Wistar rats. The oral acute toxicity of EESG was evaluated in line with Lorke’s method. The sub-chronic toxicity of EESG was carried out according to the OECD guidelines with modification and using a total of twenty-four (24) male Wistar rats; divided into four groups of six rats each, following a two-week acclimatization. Test rats were orally administered EESG at doses of 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg body weight respectively daily for thirty (30) days, while the control was given only feed and water ad libitum. At the end of the experiment, the rats were fasted overnight and sacrificed under chloroform anesthesia; relevant biochemical and histopathology analyses were carried out. The data obtained from the oral acute test indicate that the LD50 was above 5000 mg/kg and there was no death recorded. There were significant increases (P ˂ 0.05) in percentage (%) body weight of rats administered respective doses of EESG. There were significant reductions (P˂0.05) in mean liver: body weight ratio of rats administered EESG 500 and 2000 mg/kg respectively, significant reductions (P˂0.05) in mean kidney: body weight ratios of rats given EESG 1000 and 2000 mg/kg respectively; significant reductions (P˂0.05) in mean heart: body weight ratios of test rats administered EESG 2000 mg/kg; whereas others were not significantly different (P˃0.05) relative to their respective control. Plasma ALT and GGT activities of rats administered respective dose of EESG were significantly reduced (P˂0.05); plasma ALP activities were significantly elevated (P˂0.05) relative to the control after 30 days. There were no significant differences (P˃0.05) in plasma total proteins and albumin levels. Plasma total and unconjugated bilirubin of rats administered respective dose of EESG were not significantly different (P˃0.05); whereas, rats given EESG recorded significant reduction in plasma conjugated bilirubin. Plasma urea was significantly elevated (P˂0.05) in rats administered EESG 1000 and 2000 mg/kg respectively. Test rats given EESG 500 and 1000 mg/kg respectively recorded significant elevations in plasma creatinine and rats given EESG 2000 mg/kg recorded significant decrease in plasma creatinine levels; others were not significantly different relative to the control. Plasma chloride and potassium ion levels of rats administered respective doses of EESG were not significantly different (P˃0.05); significant reduction (P˂0.05) in plasma sodium ions concentration in all group compared to the control. Plasma calcium ion levels in all group were not significantly different (P˃0.05); whereas there were significant reductions (P˂0.05) in plasma bicarbonate ion levels relative to their respective controls. Although plasma ALP activity were significantly elevated, there were no elevations in specific liver function enzymes and no visible hepatocellular damage. Furthermore, the conspicuous elevations observed in plasma urea and creatinine levels do not exclusively indicate EESG-induced organ injury. Therefore, it is suggestive that EESG was not significantly toxic to the to the liver, kidney and heart respectively and may be administered at lower doses in further studies.

Effect of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Simarouba glauca on Induced Dyslipidemia and Oxidative Stress

“…Although, it is not unlikely that the observed increase in plasma triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol may have resulted from chylomicrons formed from dietary lipids due to the inability of the liver to effectively metabolize the lipids and synthesize bile salts. A previous article earlier published from our laboratory revealed that oral administration of EESG at similar doses resulted in congestion and hepatic inflammation (Osagie-Eweka et al, 2020); this may well be responsible for the poor dietary cholesterol metabolism by the liver, hence elevations in plasma lipids. Furthermore, it is most likely that increase in glucose breakdown; coupled with increased pentose phosphate pathway activity can increase acetyl-CoA yield (precursor) for fatty acid synthesis.…”

In vivo assessment of the antimalarial activity and acute oral toxicity of an ethanolic seed extract of Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz

“…As a result, according to the OECD's Globally Harmonized System of Classification [28], the ethanolic S. pinnata seed extract can be classified as category 5 with a relatively low acute toxicity hazard. In this study, food and water consumption and body weight changes were also measured to monitor the toxicity of the S. pinnata extract since these parameters can also be used to indicate the harmful effects of extracts [49]. Food and water consumption were not significantly different between the untreated control and negative control groups.…”

The Apoptotic Properties of Leaf Extracts of Simarouba glauca against Human Leukemic Cancer Cells

“…To substantiate the potentiality and reported in 1961. the first quassinoide structure was elucidated . More than 200 currently known chemicals are isolated and identified from Simaroubaceae family (Balu et al, 2020;Osagie-Eweka et al, 2021). Most of these secondary metabolites showed potential biological activities in bioassay systems posing structures which could be considered as effective therapeutic and bioactive agents (Vikas et al, 2017).…”