Safety assessment of diammonium phosphate and urea used in the manufacture of cigarettes

A comprehensive evaluation of the toxicology of cigarette ingredients: inorganic compounds

“…Confirming the findings of an earlier study (Stavanja et al, 2008), but using an expanded battery of tester strains (a total of five Salmonella strains was used, with and without the S9 metabolic activation system, however only three strains were responsive, whereas the earlier work used two strains, with S9), our studies clearly showed no increase in the mutagenicity of the particulate matter of smoke from the experimental cigarettes as a result of the addition of DAP. As mentioned above, the earlier study did not use DAP as the sole material being tested (urea was also included), contrasting with our approach which confirms that DAP alone does not increase mutagenic activity in the microbial reverse mutation assay.…”

“…The earlier study used a further toxicological assessment of their experimental cigarettes, namely mouse skin painting (dermal tumor promotion test), a technique that also is limited to the particulate phase of the smoke. There were no differences in the results of this assay among the three experimental cigarettes tested (Stavanja et al, 2008).…”

“…Those investigators also used a second in vitro technique, namely the evaluation of sister chromatid exchange in Chinese hamster ovary cells (Stavanja et al, 2008), which is another assay limited to the particulate phase of smoke only. Using that technique, they found no differences between the experimental and control cigarettes, both with and without the use of the S9 metabolic activation system.…”

“…An extensive toxicological evaluation on the use of DAP as a cigarette ingredient has been reported previously (Stavanja et al, 2008), using two different combinations of DAP with urea in RTL. The RTL was incorporated into the final blend of experimental cigarettes at 20% and 40%.…”

Insights from a multi-year program designed to test the impact of ingredients on mainstream cigarette smoke toxicity

“…In 2002, Paschke et al prepared a comprehensive literature review of published scientific studies of the effects of tobacco product ingredients on cigarette smoke constituents and biological activity. Additionally, Philip Morris, USA, and other major tobacco manufacturers have published on the toxicology testing of various individual ingredients and mixtures of ingredients added to cigarettes in peer-reviewed journals (Gaworski et al, 1998(Gaworski et al, , 1999(Gaworski et al, , 2007(Gaworski et al, , 2010Carmines, 2002;Heck et al, 2002;Roemer et al, 2002; Stavanja et al, 2003Stavanja et al, , 2008Baker and Bishop, 2004;Renne et al, 2006;Lemus et al, 2007;Heck, 2010;Potts et al, 2010).…”