A comprehensive evaluation of the toxicology of cigarette ingredients: inorganic compounds

Coggins, Christopher R. E.; Sena, Erica J.; Oldham, Michael J.

doi:10.3109/08958378.2010.547229

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Diammonium phosphate is added to tobacco products to improve flavor, 78 and tobacco plants are often grown with triple superphosphate fertilizer 79 . Coincidently, among patients with CKD, smokers had higher serum phosphate levels compared to non‐smokers, even after researchers adjusted for renal function, 80 inferring that tobacco smoking might increase phosphate exposure through inhalation.…”

Section: Other Areas For Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphate toxicity and SERCA2a dysfunction in sudden cardiac arrest

Brown

2023

The FASEB Journal

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Almost half of the people who die from sudden cardiac arrest have no detectable heart disease. Among children and young adults, the cause of approximately one-third of deaths from sudden cardiac arrest remains unexplained after thorough examination. Sudden cardiac arrest and related sudden cardiac death are attributed to dysfunctional cardiac ion-channels. The present perspective paper proposes a pathophysiological mechanism by which phosphate toxicity from cellular accumulation of dysregulated inorganic phosphate interferes with normal calcium handling in the heart, leading to sudden cardiac arrest. During cardiac muscle relaxation following contraction, SERCA2a pumps actively transport calcium ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, powered by ATP hydrolysis that produces ADP and inorganic phosphate end products. Reviewed evidence supports the proposal that end-product inhibition of SERCA2a occurs as increasing levels of inorganic phosphate drive up phosphate toxicity and bring cardiac function to a sudden and unexpected halt. The paper concludes that end-product inhibition from ATP hydrolysis is the mediating factor in the association of sudden cardiac arrest with phosphate toxicity. However, current technology lacks the ability to directly measure this pathophysiological mechanism in active myocardium, and further research is needed to confirm phosphate toxicity as a risk factor in individuals with sudden cardiac arrest. Moreover, phosphate toxicity may be reduced through modification of dietary phosphate intake, with potential for employing low-phosphate dietary interventions to reduce the risk of sudden cardiac arrest.

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Section: Other Areas For Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphate toxicity and SERCA2a dysfunction in sudden cardiac arrest

Brown

2023

The FASEB Journal

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“…Coggins et al 68 (Altria) analytes were normalized to total particulate matter yields (i.e., analytes were evaluated as the amount on equal total particulate matter basis), a reduction in the majority of analytes was noted. Levels of formaldehyde, HCN, cadmium, lead, and resorcinol, however, remained raised even when they were evaluated as the analyte yield relative to total particulate matter yield.…”

Section: Study (Sponsor)mentioning

confidence: 99%

O impacto dos aditivos do tabaco na toxicidade da fumaça do cigarro: uma avaliação crítica dos estudos patrocinados pela indústria do fumo

2017

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“…• RENNE et al (240) RENNE et al (240) (250). The additives were tested individually using different amounts added to experimental cigarettes.…”

Section: Comprehensive Experimental Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

Klus¹,

Scherer²,

Müller

2012

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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Tobacco additives play an important role in the manufacturing and for the quality of tobacco products, particularly cigarettes and roll-your-own tobaccos. Attention is increasingly given to the potential effects of additives on consumer behavior and health. This review is intended to compile, collate and - to some degree - evaluate the wealth of pertinent scientific information available from the published literature and other special sources. At first, the reasons are set forth for the use of additives in cigarette manufacturing. In response to the growing controversy over the attractiveness and addictiveness of smoking, the clarification of terms and concepts is followed by a detailed discussion of two kinds of substances with particular relevance: Additives like ammonium compounds that are claimed to increase nicotine availability, and additives that are claimed to increase nicotine addictiveness.The composition and toxicity of mainstream smoke of cigarettes with and without additives are assessed in several respects. The potentials of pyrolysis studies are explored by looking at a number of key studies and some basic considerations regarding in vitro and in vivo toxicity testing are addressed. Five major literature reviews on additives published between 1994 and 2004, and the results of several comprehensive experimental studies covering a large range of additives, released between 2002 and 2012, are dealt with in detail. Single tobacco additives of particular importance (menthol, glycerol, 1,2-propylene glycol, sorbitol, sugars, cocoa, licorice, citric acid, triacetin, and ammonium compounds) are discussed in dedicated chapters, which are generally subdivided into special sections: Use and toxicological assessment; inclusion level in cigarettes, transfer and pyrolysis; attractiveness and addictiveness; effect on cigarette mainstream smoke composition; effect on cigarette mainstream smoke toxicity. Epidemiological findings and data obtained by the biomonitoring of smokers consuming cigarettes with and without additives are compiled and interpreted specifically for American blend cigarettes, Virginia cigarettes, “French” (dark) cigarettes and menthol cigarettes whereby the focus is on the effects of additives on smoking topography and potential health risks.Opinionated reviews were published in recent years that are compromised by arbitrary selection of sources and unbalanced views. Leaving those unconsidered, the aggregated scientific knowledge shows that tobacco additives have only occasional and limited effects on cigarette mainstream smoke composition, which are almost never reflected in the results of toxicological in vitro assays or in vivo studies. This supports the conclusion that tobacco additives are not likely to increase the known health risks of smoking. There is also no evidence for sustaining claims that certain additives increase nicotine availability or nicotine addictiveness.

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A comprehensive evaluation of the toxicology of cigarette ingredients: inorganic compounds

Abstract: The results of these experiments show that the ammonia compounds, diammonium phosphate and ammonium hydroxide, when added to cigarette tobacco, even at high inclusion levels, have minimal toxicological sequelae.

Cited by 11 publications

References 13 publications

Phosphate toxicity and SERCA2a dysfunction in sudden cardiac arrest

Phosphate toxicity and SERCA2a dysfunction in sudden cardiac arrest

O impacto dos aditivos do tabaco na toxicidade da fumaça do cigarro: uma avaliação crítica dos estudos patrocinados pela indústria do fumo

Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

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