Insights from a multi-year program designed to test the impact of ingredients on mainstream cigarette smoke toxicity

Gaworski, Charles L.; Wagner, Karl A.; Morton, Michael J.; Oldham, Michael J.

doi:10.3109/08958378.2010.546440

Cited by 9 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…This supports the large body of tobacco industry literature (10)(11)(12)(13)(14) that has demonstrated that cigarettes with or without added sugar, or indeed other additives, produce similar acetaldehyde concentrations in relation to Nicotine Free Dry Particulate Matter (NFDPM) during smoking. It may be said that, if anything, additives tend to reduce such smoke yields by decreasing the relative amount of tobacco in the blend by replacement with the additive (15). These findings concur with our own data both published (13) and unpublished at commercial sugar usage levels.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Effect of Sugar Content on Acetaldehyde Yield in Cigarette Smoke

Cahours¹,

Verron²,

Purkis

2012

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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The relationship between cigarette blend sugar and acetaldehyde formed in its smoke is a matter of current regulatory interest. This paper provides a re-analysis of data from 83 European commercial cigarettes studied in the 1970s and more modern data on sugar levels and acetaldehyde yields from a series of 97 European commercial cigarettes containing both inherent sugar and in other cases inherent and added sugar. It also provides data from 65 experimental cigarette products made from single curing grades of tobacco, having a wide range of inherent sugar levels but no added sugar.This study has shown that there is no relationship between acetaldehyde yields and blend sugar content even if a multivariate analysis is carried out taking into account Nicotine Free Dry Particulate Matter (NFDPM) as a co-factor. Such analyses should take into consideration each of the known contributory factors in order to avoid misleading conclusions.No distinction was found between the mainstream acetaldehyde yields from dark air-cured, flue-cured or US blended style cigarettes irrespective of their sugar content after taking account of differences in NFDPM yields. Similarly, no distinction was found between mainstream acetaldehyde yields of cigarettes made from single grades of either flue-cured, sun-cured or air-cured tobaccos with no sugar added.This work supports the conclusion that structural material in the tobacco plant is the main source of acetaldehyde in mainstream smoke after combustion during cigarette smoking.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Effect of Sugar Content on Acetaldehyde Yield in Cigarette Smoke

Cahours¹,

Verron²,

Purkis

2012

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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“…The independent analytical chemistry studies with two batches of cocoa cast a light on the degree of variability associated with cigarette manufacturing and the analysis of particular mainstream smoke constituents. These factors are very important for the fair assessment of the potential effects of tobacco additives and have been discussed in great detail by GAWORSKI et al (251). In summary, the tobacco additives, cocoa and cocoa preparations, showed no impressive and relevant effects on cigarette mainstream smoke composition.…”

Section: Cocoamentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

Klus¹,

Scherer²,

Müller

2012

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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Tobacco additives play an important role in the manufacturing and for the quality of tobacco products, particularly cigarettes and roll-your-own tobaccos. Attention is increasingly given to the potential effects of additives on consumer behavior and health. This review is intended to compile, collate and - to some degree - evaluate the wealth of pertinent scientific information available from the published literature and other special sources. At first, the reasons are set forth for the use of additives in cigarette manufacturing. In response to the growing controversy over the attractiveness and addictiveness of smoking, the clarification of terms and concepts is followed by a detailed discussion of two kinds of substances with particular relevance: Additives like ammonium compounds that are claimed to increase nicotine availability, and additives that are claimed to increase nicotine addictiveness.The composition and toxicity of mainstream smoke of cigarettes with and without additives are assessed in several respects. The potentials of pyrolysis studies are explored by looking at a number of key studies and some basic considerations regarding in vitro and in vivo toxicity testing are addressed. Five major literature reviews on additives published between 1994 and 2004, and the results of several comprehensive experimental studies covering a large range of additives, released between 2002 and 2012, are dealt with in detail. Single tobacco additives of particular importance (menthol, glycerol, 1,2-propylene glycol, sorbitol, sugars, cocoa, licorice, citric acid, triacetin, and ammonium compounds) are discussed in dedicated chapters, which are generally subdivided into special sections: Use and toxicological assessment; inclusion level in cigarettes, transfer and pyrolysis; attractiveness and addictiveness; effect on cigarette mainstream smoke composition; effect on cigarette mainstream smoke toxicity. Epidemiological findings and data obtained by the biomonitoring of smokers consuming cigarettes with and without additives are compiled and interpreted specifically for American blend cigarettes, Virginia cigarettes, “French” (dark) cigarettes and menthol cigarettes whereby the focus is on the effects of additives on smoking topography and potential health risks.Opinionated reviews were published in recent years that are compromised by arbitrary selection of sources and unbalanced views. Leaving those unconsidered, the aggregated scientific knowledge shows that tobacco additives have only occasional and limited effects on cigarette mainstream smoke composition, which are almost never reflected in the results of toxicological in vitro assays or in vivo studies. This supports the conclusion that tobacco additives are not likely to increase the known health risks of smoking. There is also no evidence for sustaining claims that certain additives increase nicotine availability or nicotine addictiveness.

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