“…The presence of legal advice, either before or during a police interview, has been found to have a highly significant effect on both a suspect's decision not to make a confession or admission, and the decision to invoke the right to silence (Moston, Stephenson & Williamson, 1992;Pearse & Gudjonsson, in press). Studies post-PACE indicate that the presence of a legal adviser has increased (Irving & MacKenzie, 1989;Gudjonsson, 1992; Royal Commission on Criminal Justice (Runciman), 1993) although considerable variation has been detected across the country (Sanders, Bridges, Mulvaney & Crozier, 1989;Dixon et al, 1990;Baldwin, 1992;McConville & Hodgson, 1993).…”