Rural-Urban Differences in Characteristic and Lipid Profile Among Javanese Ethnic of Type 2 Diabetes Patients

Abstract

Background: Urbanization has led to changes in human health with the inception of non-communicable diseases such as Diabetes mellitus (DM). This is generally due to the adaptation to unhealthy and sedentary lifestyles, with poor diet patterns. The purpose of this research is to identify the rural and urban differences in characteristics and lipid profile among the Javanese ethnic of Type 2 Diabetes patients. Method: This was an observational analytic study, with the cross-sectional approach used to obtain data from 102 T2DM patients in Gunungpati (rural), Pandanaran and Purwoyoso Health Centers (urban). The characteristics assessed included age, sex, BMI, blood pressure, blood sugar levels and lipid profile. The BMI was calculated by dividing body weight in kg by body height in meters squared, based on the Asia Pacific criteria. The blood pressure was measured with a mercury sphygmomanometer, then the levels of FPG and lipid profile were taken after the patients fasted for the previous 8 hours. Furthermore, the Mann Whitney U test was used to test the characteristics differences with a significance value of p ≤ 0.05.Results: There were significant differences between FPG control (p = 0.032) and HDL levels (p = 0.006). Meanwhile, characteristic data such as age (p = 0.214), gender (p = 0.790), BMI (p = 0.196), and blood pressure (p = 0.123) did not have significant differences. Furthermore, insignificant results were also obtained at various levels of FPG (p = 0.917), cholesterol (p = 0.436), triglycerides (p = 0.724), LDL (p = 0.188), and Chol / HDL ratio (p = 0.297). In urban areas, the average cholesterol levels (185.59 ± 52.59) , HDL (62.60 ± 16.69 mg / dl), LDL (201.16 ± 59, 36 mg / dl), were higher than those in the rural areas. Conclusion: In the urban group, FPG control was significantly worse than rural. Furthermore, cholesterol, HDL, LDL of Javanese T2DM patients in urban areas are higher than those in rural areas. However, only HDL is significantly different

Prevalence, knowledge, and lifestyle‐associated risk factors of dyslipidemia among Ghanaian type‐2 diabetes mellitus patients in rural and urban areas: A multicenter cross‐sectional study

“…A sedentary lifestyle is associated with increased fat levels 47 . Furthermore, Tursinawati et al 48 found that poor eating habits, such as frequent consumption of high‐carbohydrate, high‐fat foods, and fast foods, are all linked to an increased risk of dyslipidemia among diabetics. There is a school of thought that suggests that it's not when you eat supper but what you eat.…”